2017年全国医学考博英语统一考试真题08

希赛网英语频道为大家整理2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试真题。

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Passage Five

The biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar, multi-armed robot named da Vinci, used in nearly 400,000 surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier. But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems, including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system. There also have been a few disturbing, freak incidents： a robotic hand that wouldn51 let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hitting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table. Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm?

Some doctors say yes, concerned that the “wow” factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries. Many U. S. hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures, online and even on highway billboards. Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot.

The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates, gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves, shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs. Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States. For surgeons, who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient, these operations can be less tiring. Plus robot hands don’t shake. Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions.But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries. Earlier this year, the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely, but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now “ is the increase in number of reports received” about da Vinci. Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths.

Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain. Rivers said she couldn’t quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems. Doctors aren’t required to report such things； device makers and hospitals are. Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot. But they don’t train them how to do specific procedures robotically, he said, and that it’s up to hospitals and surgeons to decide "if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases. ”

A 2010 New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least 150 procedures to become adept at using the robotic system. But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed. New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center. She said the surgeon5 s many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor. She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button, instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.

81. Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?

A. The number used in operation has been tripled.

B. It is too expensive.

C. It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.

D. Lawsuits increase with death case reports.

82. According to some doctors, which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasm for da Vinci?

A. The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.

B. It is not as good as traditional surgeries.

C. It needs more statistics to prove its value.

D. It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.

83. What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?

A. Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.

B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.

C. There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.

D. FDA hasn’t finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.

84. What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?

A. A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.

B.A lack of sufficient training on the part of company.

C. Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.

D. Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to use robots.

85. What is the best title for this passage?

A. Four Hands Better than Two? B.Too Good to Be True

C. Smart Robots D. Who Is the Killer?

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