2014年武汉大学考博英语真题

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Part I ReadingComprehension(2x20 = 40分)

Directions： In this part for the test，there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is folloived by 4 questions or unfinished statements • Each question or unfinished

statement is followed by four choices marked A，B，C and D. You are to decide on the correct choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

Passage One

Since professors stand at the center of the student’s encounter with college learning, students ought to ask what marks a good professor, what indicates a bad one. The one who sets high standards and persists in demanding that students try to meet them provides the right experiences. The professor who gives praise cheaply or who pretends to a relationship that does not and cannot exist teaches the wrong lessons. True，the demanding and the critical teacher does not trade in the currency students possess，which is their power to praise or reject teachers. The demanding professor knows that students will stumble. But the ones who pick themselves up and try again have learned a lesson that will save them for a lifetime.

I do not mean to suggest that for each one of us there is one perfect teacher who changes our lives. We must learn from many teachers as we grow up and grow old； and we

must learn to recognize the good ones. The great teacher is the one who wants to become obsolete in the life of the student. The good teacher is the one who teaches lessons and

moves on，celebrating the student’s growth. The Talmud relates the story of a disciple in an academy who won an argument over the position held by God in the academy on

high. The question is asked，“What happened in heaven?” The answer: “God clapped hands in joy, saying，4My children have vanquished me, my children have vanquished me. ”’ That is a model for the teacher一to enjoy losing an argument to a student, to recognize his or her contribution, to let the student surpass the teacher. In the encounter with the teacher who takes you seriously, you learn to take yourself seriously. In the eyes of the one who sees what you can accomplish, you gain a vision of yourself as more than you thought you were. The ideal professor is the one who inspires you to dream of what you can be. Everyone who succeeds in life can point to such a teacher， whether in the classroom or on the sports field. It is always the one who cared enough to criticize, and stayed around to praise.

To define an ideal for their work, let me offer guidelines on how to treat professors the way we treat students. The conscientious professors spend time reading and thinking a-

bout students’ papers，inscribing their comments and even discussing with students the strengths and weaknesses of their work. Since effective teaching requires capturing the

students’ imagination, the professor who is a “character” is apt, whether liked or disliked, to make a profound impression and perhaps also to leave a mark on the students’

minds. The drab professors，not gossiped about and not remembered except for what they taught，may find that even what they taught is forgotten.

Students have their own definitions of good and bad. Let us consider how students evaluate their teachers, examining in turn the A，B，and C professors. We will begin at the

bottom of one scale and work our way up. Let us at the same time consider what kind of student seeks which grade.

1. From this passage we know that the author thinks a lot of professors who •

A. offer students pleasant experiences in their studies

B. often meet students and exchange ideas with them

C. enjoy the growth of students

D. encourage students to achieve their goals

2. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that a good teacher

A. tries every means to shape the characters of students

B. keeps pace with times

C. feels happy to see students outdo him

D. helps students aim high

3. The sentence “."the ones who pick themselves up and try again have learned a lesson that will save them for a lifetime... ” in Paragraph 1 means that

A. the students who have got continuous help from professors will move along a smooth way in their life

B. the students who are able to get up after a fall can be successful in their life

C. the students whom the professors have provided right guidelines to will be unlikely to have mishaps in their life

D. the students who can draw on his experience of failure will be benefited for all their life

4. The word “drab” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to “ ”.

A. dull B. gloomy C. obscure D. indignant

Passage

It is easier to get divorced today than in times past, but it is no less painful. Studies have shown that both men and women suffer significant stress at two key points: before the decision to divorce and at the time of the final separation. Poor health, difficulty in sleeping and working, loneliness, depression, anxiety, lowered self-esteem, and impaired memory are all associated with the divorce process. In their study of 252 men and women currently undergoing a divorce，David A. Chiriboga and Loraine Cutler found that men were more vulnerable to stress than women. At the same time, close to 50 percent of both men and women reported that they felt some relief as a result of having initiated the divorce process.

The children of a couple planning to divorce also share in the pain，especially immediately following the separation. In their study of family breakup，Judith S. Wallerstein and

Joan B. Kelly found that parents rarely prepare their children for the coming crisis, nor do they provide them with the necessary assurances that they will be cared for. Preoccupied by their personal problems, the parents are often insensitive to their children’s anger，fear or perplexity. When divorce necessitates that the mother go to work, the child may be placed in unfamiliar child care arrangements, and both mother and father become substantially less available. The first year following a divorce is typically the most stressful for the parents and for the child. In the long run, however，divorce is not necessarily psychologically damaging to children, particularly when both parents remain accessible and loving.

Whatever the pain that divorce inflicts, it does not seem to sour people on the institution of marriage. A fourth of the people who get divorced are remarried within the year,

and 75 percent remarry within nine years of divorce. About five of every six divorced men and three of every four divorced women marry again. One reason that men are more likely

to remarry than women is that men typically marry younger women. When we consider that by age twenty-seven women begin outnumbering men, we can see how middle-aged and older men have a larger pool of potential partners from which to choose than do women. In sum, while marriage may be difficult to sustain, it is certainly not going out of style.

5. According to the passage, women suffer significant stress when .

A. they are forced to leave their children B. the property is divided

C. making up their mind to get a divorce D. going to a court

6. The divorced parents ignore their children’s anger and fear because .

A. they are poorly prepared for the coming crisis

B. they are under great stress

C. they think too much about their own problems

D. they have to live on their own

7. From this passage we can know that .

A. divorce may do greater harm to children mentally and physically than the parents

B. family breakup can be avoided if the couple’s personal problems are settled

C. marriage remains popular in spite of rising divorce rate

D. children will lose the parental care and love after their parents get divorced

8. According to the passage，the percentage of remarrying man is higher than that of the women by .

A. 25% B. 75% C. 8% D. 27%

Passage Three

Before the mid 1860’s，the impact of the railroads in the United States was limited, in the sense that the tracks ended at the Missouri River，approximately the center of the

country. At the point the trains turned their freight，mail, and passengers over to steamboats ,wagons, and stagecoaches. This meant that wagon freighting, stage coaching，and

steam boating did not come to an end when the first train appeared ； rather they became supplements or feeders. Each new “end of track” became a center for animal drawn orwaterborne transportation. The major effect of the railroad was to shorten the distance that had to be covered by the older, slower, and more costly means. Wagon freighters continued operating throughout the 1870’s and 1880’s and into the 1890’s.

Although over constantly shrinking routes, coaches and wagons continued to crisscross the West wherever the rails had not yet been laid. The beginning of a major change

was foreshadowed iri the later 1860’s when the Union Pacific Railroad at last began to build westward from the Central Plains city of Omaha to meet the Central Pacific Railroad advancing eastward from California through the formidable barrier of the Sierra Nevada. Although President Abraham Lincoln signed the original Pacific Railroad bill in 1862 and

a revised, financially much more generous version in 1864，little construction was completed until 1865 on the Central Pacific and 1866 on the Union Pacific. The primary reason was

skepticism that a Railroad built through so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of desert, mountain, and semiarid plain could pay a profit. In the words of an economist♦ this

was a case of “premature enterprise”，where not only the cost of construction but also the very high risk deterred private investment. In discussing the Pacific Railroad bill，the chair of the congressional committee bluntly stated that without government subsidy no one would undertake so unpromising a venture ； yet it was a national necessity to link East and West together.

9. Why does the author refer to the impact of railroads before the mid 1860’s as “limited”？

A. Because passengers preferred wagons and stagecoaches.

B. Because other modes of transportation had to be employed.

C. Because they were only center for waterborne transportation.

D. Because the track did not take direct route from one city to city.

10. What can be inferred about coaches and wagon freighters as the railroad expanded?

A. They developed competing routes.

B. Their drivers refused to work for the railroads.

C. They began to specialize in private investment.

D. There were insufficient trained people to operate them.

11. Why does the author mention the Sierra Nevada in Paragraph 2?

A. To point out the location of a serious train accident.

B. To give an example of obstacles faced by the Central Pacific.

C. To argue that a direct route to the West could have been taken.

D. To identify a historically significant mountain range in the West.

12. Why little construction was completed though the bill had long been signed?

A. Because of a worry that little benefit would be gained.

B. Because of a harsh, challenging and thinly settled plain.

C. Because o£ a change of the plan owing to the high cost.

D. Because of a continued running of coaches and wagons.

Passage Four

Fashion is something we deal with everyday. Even people who say they don’t care what they wear choose clothes every morning that say a lot about them and how they feel that

day. One certain thing in the fashion world is change. We are constantly being showered with new fashion ideas from music，videos，books and television. Movies also have a big

impact on what people wear. Ray-Ban sold more sunglasses after the movie Men in Black. Sometimes a trend is worldwide. Back in the 1950s，teenagers everywhere dressed

like Elvis Presley. Fashion and styles reveal what groups people are in，but they also create stereotypes and distance between groups. For instance，a businessman might look at a boy with green hair and multiple piercings as an outsider. But to another person, the boy behaves strictly suitably. He dresses a certain way to deliver the message of rebellion and separation, but within that group，the look is uniform. Acceptance or rejection of a style is a reaction to the society we live in.

Fashion is a language which tells a story about the person who wears it. “Clothes create a wordless means of communication that we all understand”，according to Katherine

Hamnett, a top British fashion designer. Hamnett became popular when her T-shirts with large messages like “Choose Life” were worn by several rock bands. Fashion is an endless popularity contest. High fashion is the style of a small group of men and women with a certain taste and authority in the fashion world. People of wealth and position, buyers for major department stores, editors and writers for fashion magazines are all part of High Fashion. Some of these expensive and often artistic fashions may triumph and become the fashion for the larger majority. Most stay on the runway. Popular fashions are close to impossible to trace. No one can tell how the short skirts and boots worn by teenagers in England in 1960 made it to the runways of Paris, or how blue jeans became so popular in the U. S.，or how hip-hop made it from the streets of the Bronx to the fashion shows of London and Milan.

“In the perspective of costume history，it is plain that the dress of any given period is exactly suited to the actual climate of the time. ’’ according to James Laver, a noted Eng-

lish costume historian. How did bell-bottom jeans fade into the designer jeans and boots look of the 1980s into the baggy look of the 1990s? Nobody really knows.

13. According to the first paragraph, the example that teenagers everywhere dressed like Elvis Presley in the 1950s shows that .

A. there is constant change in the fashion world

B. stars set world-wide trends in fashion

C. fashion is something we deal with everyday

D. teenagers can show themselves off with what everyday

14. A boy with green hair and multiple piercings - .

A. might be looked down upon by a businessman

B. delivers the message of rebellion and separation to all the people

C. manages to reveals that his style is unique

D. might be accepted by some people in the society

15. Which of the following is not included among popular fashions?

A. short boots B. baggy skirts

G. hip-hop D. bell-bottom jeans

16. Which of the following is not true of fashion in terms of this passage?

A. People can get some ideas o£ a person by fashion he wears.

B. Most of expensive and artistic fashions fail to be popular with common people.

C. The fashion world is characterized by constant changes.

D. Popular fashions are of great help to trace costume history.

Passage Five

Hackers never were part of the mainstream establishment, but their current reputation as villains of cyberspace is a far cry from the early days when, first and foremost, they were seen as ardent quirky programmers, capable of near-miraculous, unorthodox feats of machine manipulation* But the shift in popular perception to hackers as deviants and criminals is important not only because it affects the hackers themselves and the extraordinary culture that has grown around them，but because it reflects shifts in the development，governance, and meaning of the new information technology. In Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution，Steven Levy traces the roots of evolving hacker communities to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the late 1950s. Here, core members of the Tech Model Railroad Clud “discovered” computers first as a tool for enhancing their considerable creative energies to the task of building and programming MIT’s early mainframes in uneasy but relatively peaceful coexistence with formal employees of the university’s technical staff.

Formidable programmers, these hackers produced and debugged computer code at an astonishing rate. They helped develop hardware and software for existing computer func-

tions and invented novel algorithms and applications that were incorporated into subsequent generations of computers. These novel functions not only extended recreational capabilities—gaming, virtual reality, and digitized music—but also increased practical capabilities such as control of robots and processing speeds. Obsessive work also yielded a host of basic system subroutines and utilities that pushed operating capacities and efficiency to new heights，and became a fundamental part of what we experience every time we sit in front of a computer.

This book describes legendary hacking binges—days and nights with little or no sleep—leading to products that surprised and sometimes annoyed colleagues in mainstream

academic and research positions. The “pure hack” did not respect prescribed methods or theory-driven, top-down approaches to computer science and engineering. The unconventional lifestyle did not seem to put off adherents, even though it could be pretty unwholesome： a disregard for patterns of night and day, a diet of junk-food，inattention to personal appearance and hygiene，and the virtual absence of any life outside of hacking.

It was not only single-minded attachment to their craft that defined these early hackers but their conception of an ideology informally called the “hacker ethic. ” This creed included several elements： commitment to total and free access to computers and information, belief in the immense powers o£ computers to improve people’s lives and create art and beauty, disdain for obstacles erected against free access to computing, and an insistence that hackers be evaluated by no other criteria than technical virtuosity and accomplishment. In other words，the culture of hacking incorporated political and moral values as well as technical ends.

17. The relationship between the hacker community and MIT administration in the late 1950s can be best described as .

A. on good terms B. some what unsettled

C. hostile D. tricky

18. Which of the following is not true in this passage?

A. Existing computer functions have been improved with the help of hackers.

B. Hacker’s efforts have contributed to increase capabilities of our computer in several aspects.

C. Hackers were generally taken as illegal in the past.

D. Hackers believe that their technical accomplishment is the only criteria to evaluate them.

19. The life style of hacker described in Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution is .

A. unconventional B. innovative C. annoying D. out of date

20. Which of the following is not included in the hacker ethic?

A. Strong will to overcome difficulties that stand in the way.

B. Devotion to get free access to information.

C. Concentration on improvement of their craft.

D. Immense power to create art and beauty.

Part H Ehglish-Chinese Translation (5X4=20分)

Directions： Read the following passage，and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to (4)，from English to Chinese. Please write your answer on the Anszver

Sheet.

(1) One of the fastest growing areas in Internet applications is the adoption of Internet technologies for the development of corporate networks. Many public sectors and com-

mercial organizations throughout the world are accelerating their paces in building corporate networks based on Internet technologies, allowing them to roll out their private “In-

tranets” . These Intranets are used to support enterprise applications and communications,both inside and outside the corporate firewall.

(2) Intranet is the new buzz word referring to the use of fast growing and relatively inexpensive Internet technologies for the development of enterprise information and communication systems. It generally involves two key types of software: the “browser” which allows users to scan the network for useful information and the “server” which stores and organizes the information. Major IT vendors have announced or are planning to announce products and services which will help their customers in realizing the competitive advantages made possible by these new technologies. For example，Oracle and Sybase have unveiled their plans to introduce browsers that include application development tools based on Java—a programming language licensed from Sun Microsystems Inc. These new toolsets will allow developers to write network-connection-ready，web-enabled applications that link to corporate databases.

The creation of private intranets provides opportunities for companies to use the Web as a complement or an alternative for traditional networking, application development tools and groupware products. 

(3) For example，Morgan Stanley and Turner Broadcasting have successfully implemented their own Intranets which allow their employees to share

information，collaborate on projects，and to create very effective workgroups spreading across large geographical regions.

With improved security design on the Intranet which can be bridged into the Internet, many companies are developing new business applications which were not technically feasi-

ble nor economically viable in the past. For example, shipping companies and courier companies can build cargo and parcel tracking systems which allow their international custom-

ers, anywhere in the world，to log onto their local Internet networks to access secured databases to retrieve the latest information about their shipments.

One of the most often quoted criticism of Internet when being considered for serious business applications is its security risk，or its perceived inadequacy of security features. Many feel that the Internet is distributed and “uncontrolled” • By its very own nature, there is no single organization owning the Internet，running it or can be held responsible for it in the conventional sense. Intrusion may come from anywhere in the world. To further complicate the matter, legislation and law enforcement concerning electronic crimes vary greatly from one country to another. This presents great challenges in the prosecution of crimes committed using the Internet.

While some of these feeling and observations are correct, many Internet technology providers throughout the world are working very aggressively in solving the problems con-

cerning Internet security. Using cryptographic techniques and network management technologies ,Internet can be as secured as any private networks used in the financial，com-

mercial and national defense applications. The Internet is a global technology. It will affect, in many aspects，the way that we interact with people, conduct our business transactions. It will also change the way that we acquire and share new experience and knowledge. 

(4) It unavoidably will alter our sense of community and remove some of the constraints previously associated with geographical boundaries. The Internet and Intranet are presenting opportunities and challenges to individuals and enterprises. They will reward those with the ability and vision to harness their power, realizing their constraints and capable of developing solutions in overcoming these limitations.

 Part H Chinese-English Translation （20 分）

Directions: Translate the following paragraphs from Chinese to English. Please write your answer on the Ansuuer Sheet •

现在我们正面临着一项严峻的挑战：全球变暖。地球气候持续恶化，正在演变成一场事关紧要的战争，而从任何一个方面来看，美国都正在输掉这场战争。美国每年排放的温室气体占全球总量的近20%，并声称它不打算采取任何减排措施。困难还在于，即使绝大多数人认为气候变化是个全球性的紧急事件，如何解决这个问题很难达成共识。工业界提出自已的方案，可惜这些方案通常解决不了什么问题。环保主义者也献策，可惜他们的方案往往过于天真，以至于会严重阻碍美国社会和经济的发展。但是一个宏大而有效的方案到底是什么样的呢？如何才能让我们同时拥有安全的环境和良好的经济增长？然而，只要我们能制定出可行的战略，将短期措施和长远目标结合起来，将务实精神和雄心壮志结合起来，我们就能做到既不损害经济，又帮助遏制气候变化带来的全球影响，并保证我们的后代在这个世界上能生存下来。要实现这个目标，最需要的是决心和志。

 Part F Short Essay Writing （20 分）

Directions： Plan and xvrite an essay of about 200 words in which you develop your point of vieiv on the issue given below. Give a title to your essay, and support your position

with reasoning and examples. Please write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET. 

Is it better to change one’s attitude than to change one’s circumstances? If we are dissatisfied with our circumstances, we think about changing them. But the most important

and effective changes—in our attitude—hardly occur to us. In other words, we should worry not about how to alter the world around us for the better but about how to change ourselves in order to fit into that world.

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