2011年中国矿业大学考博英语真题

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One word that you might have learned when you were studying about sound is frequency. Frequency means 1 fast the sound wave vibrates. Faster vibrations produce 2 pitched sounds. The notes in a musical scale indicate the 3 or frequency of the sound. 4 word that can describe a sound is intensity. Intensity 5 to the amount of energy in a sound wave, and it 6 a sound’s loudness. Printed music will often include notes about how loud or 7 to play each section of the music. Timbre is another 8 used to describe musical sounds. It describes how the same note will have 9 sounds when played 10 different instruments. For example, the same note may sound soft and pretty when played on a flute, 11 strong and brassy when played on a trumpet. The timbre of a note comes from both the actual note 12 is played 13 also its overtones, 14 are other higher and lower sounds that are produced 15 the same time.

Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points)

Passage 1

Questions 16 to 18 are based on the following passage.

The last of the dinosaurs lived during a time called the Cretaceous period. This time period lasted from about 135 million to 65. 5 million years ago. Some sources give the years of 146,145, or 144 million to 65 million years ago. In the Cretaceous period, the middle of North America was covered by a shallow sea. The Atlantic Ocean began opening up between Europe and North America as those continents rifted. Other continents that had begun pulling away from each other in the Jurassic continued drifting apart. India was

an island by itself. Evergreen trees ； mosses, and ferns had been the main types of plants，but now in the Cretaceous ,flowering plants appeared. Bees did, too. Hardwood trees like oaks and maples first appeared in the fossil record.

Modem birds and mammals came into the fossil record. Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops came into existence. So did other ceratopsian dinosaurs, relatives of Triceratops, with their wide variety of facial horns and neck frills. Great herds of perhaps 10,000 Triceratops roamed the edges of the North America Inland Sea, The climate began to cool. At the end of the Cretaceous, another mass extinction wiped out as much as 90 percent of marine life and 50 percent of life on land. There were no more dinosaurs after the end of the Cretaceous, at about 65. 5 million years ago. The Cenozoic era, also called the Age of Mammals, began.

16. The mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period .

A. killed all the dinosaurs

B. killed half of all life on land

C. killed as much as 90 percent of marine life

D. all of the above

17. Continents in the Cretaceous period were .

A. drifting apart

B. moving towards each other

C. in the same locations as they are today

D. none of the above

18. The author’s main purpose for writing this was to .

A. inform B. entertain C. warn D. persuade

Passage 2

Questions 19 to 22 are based on the following passage.

Physical therapy is the treatment of people of all ages with injured or diseased muscles，arms, or legs. Physical therapists, or PTs as they are often called, treat patients with exercise and massage. PTs do not use medicine to treat patients. Sometimes water or heat therapies are used for treatment as well. Physical therapy helps an injured or sick person move with less pain and stress. PTs are not medical doctors, but doctors often refer patients to physical therapists to help patients recover from injuries or deal with diseases. A PT studies the patient’s medical records. Then he or she develops a treatment plan to improve the patient’s ability to move the injured limb. PTs work with patients to strengthen damaged or weakened muscles. PTs may teach the patient how to use crutches, wheelchairs, or an artificial limb. Therapists want patients to be able to do as many daily activities as they possibly can. The PT keeps a record of the patient’s progress. Treatments are changed according to the patient’s needs and rate of progress.

Physical therapists must graduate from a physical therapy program at a college or university. A four year baccalaureate degree is required. In addition, a master’s degree requires two to two and onehalf more years. A doctorate degree requires three years.

Physical therapists must pass a national and/or state exam to get a license. Some PTs work in hospitals, nursing homes, or doctors’ offices. Some PTs travel to patients’ homes to work with patients who are homebound. Some PTs work in schools, health clubs, or with sports teams. PTs may specialize in a certain field, such as sports medicine, working with athletes. They might choose cardiology, working, with patients with heart disease or defects. They might choose the field of I pediatrics if they like working with children. If you are a person who likes people and wants to help them improve their lives, you might like to be a physical therapist. If so, you should have strong communication and interpersonal skills. Above all, compassion is a required character trait for a PT.

19. Physical therapists’ helps patients get better.

A. diets B. medicines C. surgery D. training

20. Which of these people would probably benefit most from physical therapy?

A. A doctor who is tired from working long hours.

B. A child who doesn’t like to take medicine.

C. An athlete who has torn a muscle.

D. An athlete with cuts and bruises.

21. What is paragraph 4 mainly about?

A. Job description for a physical therapist.

B. Job requirements for a physical therapist.

C. Job training and education for a physical therapist.

D. All of the above.

22. Which of these is an opinion and not a fact?

A. Some PTs travel to patients’ homes.

B. Physical therapists have a rewarding job.

C. Physical therapists first need a college degree.

D. Physical therapists must pass an exam to get a license.

Passage 3

Questions 23 to 26 are based on the following passage.

This amazing woman was bom a poor German princess and became one of Russia’s greatest emperors.

She was bom Princess Sophia August Frederika on May 2,1729, in the Baltic seaport town of Stettin, then a part of German Pomerania. Her father was an obscure German military prince named Christian August, and her mother was Princess Joanna Elizabeth of Holstein-Gottorp. Her father was ruler of the tiny principality of Anhalt-Zerbst, but the greater part of his life was spent as an officer in the service of Prussia. In 1744, she arrived in Moscow with her mother to many Peter, the Grand Duke of Holstein, grandson of Peter the Great and heir to the Russian throne (later Peter III). Their marriage was an unhappy one. Catherine ( now baptized into the Russian Orthodox Church under that name) spent

much of her time preparing for her future reign. In 1761, Peter was crowned emperor. Supported by the Russian military, Catherine overthrew Peter in 1762 and became Catherine II. She quickly began to make changes in government and society based on ideas learned from French-philosophers of the Enlightenment and the authors of ancient

Rome. She was a friend of Voltaire and other European writers, and wrote stories and plays. She supported French writer and philosopher Denis Diderot when he was broken-she bought his library, hired him to look after it at his own house, for which she paid him a salary for the next 50 years in advance.

Catherine patronized the arts，music and education, and she put millions of rubles into the creation o£ the Hermitage Museum, which today is the delight of Russia and the world. No other Russian monarch appreciated beauty as much as Catherine. She set the stage for the emergence of a national Russian culture that would become something unique and wonderful in the 19th century. Catherine established the first schools for women, including the Smolny Institute for in Petersburg. Also, Russia’s first public schools and universities were founded during her reign. Her rule was one of the most prosperous periods of the Russian Empire. She undertook a wide range of internal political reforms, waged two successful wars against the Ottoman Empire and occupied vast territories on Russia’s southern boundaries, eventually advancing the country’s border to the

Black Sea.

23. How old was Catherine when she arrived in Russia to marry Grand Duke Peter of Holstein?

A. 21 B. 15 C. 13 D. Not mentioned

24. How did Catherine become ruler of Russia?

A. Her father died.

B. The people of Russia chose her.

C. She inherited the title from her cousin.

D. She used force to take over the government.

25. Catherine learned from .

A. ancient Roman authors

B. Russian arts, music and education

C. French philosophers of the Enlightenment

D. European writers such as Voltaire and Diderot

26. During her reign, .

A. Russia became a military superpower

B. Public schools were established for girls

G. Millions of rubles were robbed and stored

D. All of the above

Passage 4

Questions 27 to 31 are based on the following passage.

Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes. Americans do not have a comer on the “death” market,but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the most taxes. Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city: therefore, there are three types of taxes.

Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax increases as a person’s income increase. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15，when the federal taxes are due. The second tax is for the state government: New York，California，or any of the other forty-eight states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state. For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. This figure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing. The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax ( people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire department, public works and municipal buildings. Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxe. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different view on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.

27. How do you understand “Americans do not have a comer on the death market” ？

A. Americans can’t monopolize this market.

B. There is no such place as a death market in the United States.

C. Americans are not good at doing business in the death market.

D. Americans do not have a secret place to keep from death in their life.

28. What’s the attitude of the Americans towards taxes?

A. Take them easy. B. Try to resist them.

C. Complain and protest. D. Take them as their duty.

29. What’s the difference between federal tax and state tax?

A. They have the same percentage.

B. It is not mentioned in the passage.

C. The percentage for the state tax is higher than the federal tax.

D. The percentage for the federal tax is higher than the state tax.

30. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A. Excise tax is charged on ears.

B. There is a unified state tax laws.

C. Income tax increases as a person’s income increases.

D. Some states have both an income tax and a sales tax.

31. Which of the following usages of the taxes is NOT mentioned in the passage?

A. For raising their revenues.

B. For sustaining development.

C. For police and fire departments.

D. For public works and municipal building.

Passage 5

Questions 32 to 35 are based on the following passage.

Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where m sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.

To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe led, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient. Contrast this with fanning since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safe and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity.

What’s more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050. Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions. All this mean that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20st. This will require radical thinking. For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be “zero impact”. The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage.

Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons of all the various ways land is used. There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental cost, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon o£ transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting. But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity. What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.

32. How was the agriculture in middle Ages according to the passage?

A. Agriculture generally had efficient productivity.

B. Agriculture caused pollution only in small areas.

C. Agriculture could provide plenty of nutritious food.

D. Agriculture could feed, clothe and shelter the whole society,

33. What had happened in agriculture after the start of the industrial revolution?

A. People could not trust the safety of food.

B. More animal and plants can be found in farms.

C. Competition drove farmers to produce more food.

D. People were given more opportunities to reduce its impact.

34. Which of the following is a radical way to think of agriculture in 21st century?

A. Tradition practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones.

B. Agriculture can be “zero impact”.

C. Sustainability can be measured from more aspects.

D. Demand for animal products in developing countries should growing fast.

35. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. Lower carbon footprints are better for biodiversity.

B. Growth of industry helps reduce biodiversity.

C. Sustainability should be measured by different ways.

D. Expansion of cities reduces the amount of water stilly for agriculture.

Part III Vocabulary and Structure (15 points)

36. A smart appearance makes a impression at an interview.

A. favored B. favorable C. favorite D. favoring

37. The Act specifically any council from spending money for political purposes.

A. rejects B. prohibits C. avoids D. repels

38. What experience do you have that is to this position?

A. concerning B. dependent C. connecting D. relevant

39. A man escaped death when a fire broke out in his home on Sunday morning.

A. narrowly B. only C. quite D. seldom

40. The price increase has had no effect on sales.

A. susceptible B. invisible C. perceptive D. perceptible

41. When confronted with these math problems, her mind tended to go and could work anymore.

A. blank B. faint C. dim D. vain

42. After several years of isolation on the deserted island, he began to of ever getting back home.

A. disappoint B. displace C. depress D. despair

43. The country’s president has appealed for international in the wake of the disaster.

A. loan B. allowance C. provision D. aid

44. Mr. Johnson is still or i excellent with his ex-wife.

A. relations B. terms C. friendship D. connections

45. If that idea was wrong ,the project is bound to fail, good all the other ideas might be.

A. whatever B. however C. whatsoever D. though

46. I’m afraid the coffee I spilt will make a on the carpet.

A. stain B. dot C. mark D. speckle

47. They must decide on an appropriate course of now that they’ve identified the problem.

A. action B. progress C. solution D. development

48. She covered a wide of topics in the interview.

A. extent B. range C. collection D. number

49. We must take steps now to the survival of these animals.

A. assure B. insure C. ensure D. ascertain

50. I’m worried about washing that shirt in case it .

A. shortens B. contracts C. withdraws D. shrinks

51. The service was held to the sacrifice of those who died in the war.

A. memorize B. commemorate C. remember D. remind

52. John came in, his arm blood.

A. divining B. dropping C. spilling D. dripping

53. Prof. Wang is so in her work that it would be a pity to disturb her.

A. absorbed B. intent C. attentive D. consumed

54. Jane has to become at mathematics to be successful as an engineer.

A. experienced B. outstanding C. prominent D. proficient

55. Please don’t say anything hurtful to her. She is a very person

A. sensible B. sensitive C. tough D. reasonable

56. William’s bank has never been of his change of address.

A. notified B. contacted C. communicated D. acquainted

57. Beth never regretted to attend the party, for she did not like it at all.

A. not being invited B. being not invited

C. having not been invited D. not having been invited

58. Coming into the library, reading there, preparing for their final exams.

A. lot of students were

B. the teacher found a lot of students

C. a lot of students

D. a lot of students were found by the teacher

59. Alice came back from her trip, the house completely deserted.

A. so that she found B. to find C. only finding D. only to find

60. individuals as take up this role often find life frustrating.

A. So B. Those C. Such D. These

61. David often sits in a small bar, drinking and smoking considerably more .

A. than that he is healthy B. than good for his health

C. than his health could D. than is good for his health

62. Happy they were, there was something missing.

A. though B. which C. as D. since

63. It’s about time parents the gaps between them and their children.

A, bridged B. bridge C. have bridged D. will bridge

64. But for his poverty, he more students living in the poverty stricken areas to go to universities.

A. has assisted B. would have assisted

C. assist D. will assist

65. Prof. Smith forty or so when I first met him at the International Peace Conference in Geneva.

A. must be B. had been C. must have been D. could be

Part IV Translation (20% )

Section A Translate the following passage into Chinese.

The sun heats the Earth’s surface unevenly causing differences in air pressure. It’s these differences that cause wind to flow over our planet’s surface. Scientists convert wind energy into electrical energy by using wind mills or wind turbines. The turbines take the movement of the air and convert it into mechanical energy. Each wind mill contains blades that are connected to a generator. The faster the blades spin the more energy that is produced by the generator. In areas that have constant winds, you will find wind farms and small, wind-driven generators. On these wind farms are hundreds of wind turbines capable of providing the electricity for entire communities. The small wind-driven generators are used for individual homes to produce electricity. Similar to solar energy, wind energy cannot be consistently used. There are some areas around the world that do not have constant winds. In areas like windy mountain passes, the wind does not blow continuously. Therefore wind energy is only dependable for certain areas of the planet.

Section B Translate the following passage into English.

中俄油气合作目前发展的势头很好，但在未来合作的道路上，可能还会遇到各种各样的困难，有时甚至会出现挑战大于机遇的情况。中俄双方现在都已认识到，中俄油气合作是大势所趋，对双方谋划后金融危机时代本国经济的发展，都有着重大的战略意义。尤其是对中方而言，在经济全球化的大背景下，在对能源资源争夺十分激烈的国际市场环境里，对能源的需求量不断增大的形势下，中国会在较长时间里一直处于买方地位，应当更加重视中俄油气合作。我们与俄罗斯开展油气合作，不是权宜之计，既要保持清醒的头脑，看到所有不利因素，又要看到所有利条件和潜力，着眼长远发展战略，运用大智慧，积极务实地推进中俄油气合作。

Part V Writing (10% )

IMrecttons： WrUe a passage of about 150 words on the /Mowing topic* Should African disputes and conflu^s be handled by Africa^countries themself, rather than by external international organimtion'l

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