2011年南京理工大学考博英语真题

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Modern lore has it that in England death is imminent, in Canada inevitable and in California optional Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death ― and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.

Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under optimal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's futile. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. A vast industry pushed for aggressive and expensive therapy for prostate cancer, despite a lack of demonstrable benefit for many patients. Physicians - frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient ― too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.

Meanwhile, the kind of palliative care provided in hospices is taught derogatorily to medical students as a treatment of last resort. In 1950 the United States spent SI 2.7 billion, or 4.4 percent of gross domestic product, on health care. In 2002 the cost will be $ 1.54 trillion - nearly 14 percent of GDP, by far the largest percentage spent by any developed country.

Anyone can see that this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some ethicists conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age ― say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way" so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.

I wouldn't go that far. Not long ago similar arguments were used to justify mandatory retirement ages as young as 55 for employees in industry, academia and government. The message was "Step aside -1 want your desk and your paycheck." Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the maladies that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I aspire to age as productively as they have.

Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit, or should. I've watched as the lives of my family members and friends have been painfully prolonged. It's a stark contrast with the inexpensive and compassionate deaths of my parents a generation ago.

As a medical consumer, I may want Medicare to buy me multiple coronary bypass operations or a desperate round of bone-marrow transplantation. As a taxpaying citizen, I know ― intellectually, if not emotionally - that the value of such measures must be weighed against other social goods, such as housing, defense and education. And as a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples' lives. For example, the field of alternative and complementary medicine receives just a .5 percent chunk of the National Institutes of Health budget.

To create a humane system of health care, we must acknowledge that death and dying are not themselves fee enemies. As the post-World War II British epidemiologist Archie Cochrane once observed, cures in medicine are rare, but the need for "care" - attention and reassurance from approachable, sympathetic physicians and caregivers - is widespread. Cochrane worried that by pursuing cures at all cost, we would restrict the supply of care that patients can receive. This is precisely the crisis of contemporary medicine: billions for cures, and pennies for care. Medicine can accomplish great things for the generation now passing 50, but only if we're wise enough not to ask too much of it.

6. People’ different attitudes towards death show that .

A. people in other countries don't have a great health-care system as Americans do

B. Americans rely too much on their health-care system even to challenge death

C. Americans are optimistic

D. Palliative care works wonders in Americans

7. The best health care .

A. can even change our genetic programs to prolong our lives

B. can guarantee the old an unimaginable life of high quality

C. should do everything possible to save the patients' life

D. has limits to what it can do and should do

8. Palliative care provided in hospices .

A. is not thought much of because it doesn't cure patients

B. needs much more money than health care and is unsustainable

C. is for poor people who can't afford to stay in hospital for a long time

D. should be attached more importance

9. The government with finite resources had better .

A. balance its budget for research into cures and that into therapies that can help people live healthier and happier lives

B. stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond age 83 so that younger and healthier people can realize their potential

C. make it a rule that people in industry, academia and government who are over 55shouId retire

D. spend less on health and more on housing, defense and education

10. What patients need most is .

A. a solution to the problem of death

B. courage, optimism and sympathy for others

C. attention, care and reassurance from friendly physicians and caregivers

D. a great health-care system that can provide them the most expensive and best therapies

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