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Our ignorance about the underlying truth of human nature has not been for want of trying. Philosophers took up the question as one of the very first that human systematically asked about themselves. But philosophers produced answers as various as Aristotle’s and Rousseau’s. Since the late 1900s, behavioral and social scientists too have tried to understand human nature. But while they have illuminated many useful bits and pieces, they have failed as system-builders. What is left of Freud’s theories, out of the beliefs that were so intellectually pervasive in mid-century? Psychotherapy remains, in abundant variety, but only remnants of Freudianism. What is left of B. F. Skinner? Behaviorism is still a productive branch of psychology, but the Skinnerian Vision of human nature that once seemed so compelling is dead.
How can we have expended so much of our collective genius on understanding human nature and still know so little for certain? Because up until now, we have been able to observe only behavior. People can hold very different views of human nature because we observe in the human being, in abundance, every sort of behavior. Or to put it statistically, human nature does not consist of universal human characteristics but of distributions. Is mankind altruistic or selfish? From everyday experience, we know that some people behave selfishly and some behave altruistically. The implications of a distribution in which, for example, the average value is “fairly selfish” are very different from the implications of a bell curve in which the average value is “fairly altruistic”. The implications of a curve that is narrow and steep (meaning that almost all human beings are very close to the median value) are very different from those of a shape that is wide and short (meaning that human nature for this characteristic is all over the map).
The problem is that, while scientists can measure the observed shape of these behaviors, they have been stymied by the nature/nurture problem. This is not to say that we know nothing. Just as geologists know a lot about the probability of finding oil based on rock formations on the surface, psychologists have learned to infer a lot about the heritability of observed traits. But in both cases, the observer is dealing with outcroppings and probabilities, while the exact, inarguable truth lies hidden.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that Freud’s theories ______.
2. The word “pervasive” in the first paragraph most probably means ______.
3. The author suggests that people are able to hold varying views of human nature because ______.
4. What does the author mean by saying “...human nature for this characteristic is all over the map” (paragraph 2)?
5. Which of the following is in accordance with the point of view presented in the passage?

问题1选项
A.are less influential than they once were
B.provide key insight into the human psyche
C.have become more popular as the years have gone by
D.provide the foundation for all psychotherapy
问题2选项
A.persuasive
B.widespread
C.misunderstood
D.ridiculous
问题3选项
A.not enough research has been done
B.by nature, humans tend to disagree
C.no one knows for sure how to draw conclusions from behavioral patterns
D.human exhibit all sorts of different kinds of behaviors
问题4选项
A.Human nature is impossible to define.
B.Humans exhibit a wide variety of values for this particular characteristic.
C.People with this characteristic are distributed over a wide geographical area.
D.Values can vary depending on location.
问题5选项
A.It is impossible to know the truth about human nature.
B.After centuries of investigation, we still know nothing about human nature.
C.Despite our efforts, there is still much we don’t know about human nature.
D.We must not give up in our efforts to understand human nature.
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