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现代城市对人类的悲剧性影响在于它扼杀了人类的美感。一个富足社会的物质利益使人们的注意力从城市和文化的底蕴转移到科技产品上：洗衣机、中央供暖、自动炊具、电视机、电脑和尺寸形状恰好的地毯。此时此刻，他们沉醉在民主、小康、有车开的幸福中，生活从来没有这么好。他们不愿意走路。统计表明：他们把从停车场到购物中心的距离设计得很短，由于没有足够的远离街道的停车设施，城市到处都是在马路随便停靠的汽车和停车计价表。拥挤成为影响环境的主要因素，从统计中看出：每个家庭拥有两辆车的状况会使事情更糟。同时，“地价”带来的不仅是伤害，还有侮辱。土地的价值缘于它的用途，它的收入来自它提供的服务。当它的用途被加强，它的收入和价值也就增加。“充分合理利用土地”成为城市发展主要经济标准。这种投机的方法和人口增长带来的压力导致了城市的“垂直”上升，人们也不得不适应这种拥挤来维持这些相对虚假的土地价值。荒谬的是试图消除拥挤的良方就是创造更多的拥挤。部分的分散，或者叫虚假的分散，在远离传统市镇中心的地方大片开发，只是把疾病转移到市镇的周边。如果没有和市镇交通系统重建相结合起来的话，就无法治愈。对于这一点，铺设复杂的十字路口的必要性强烈影响工程解决办法，反过来，又被夸张的地价挫败。

In March 1974 one of the most astonishing archaeological discoveries of the twentieth century was unearthed in the county of Lintong, Shaanxi Province. An entire army of life-sized warriors and horses, buried for more than 2,200 years, began to be uncovered. These replicas had been placed in trenches around the still-unexcavated tomb of Qinshihuang, the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty (221-207 B.C.). Each of the many hundreds of life-sized warriors was constructed of baked clay and painted with a variety of colors. Most were obviously intended as individual portraits.The head shapes of these figures and the expressions on their faces were, more or less, individualized, and so each man could be identified as to his place of regional origin. The square-faced, broad-foreheaded, prominent-cheekbone,heavy-featured, big-mouthed and wide-cheeked ones were modeled after natives of central Shaanxi. The shorter, round-faced, sharp-chinned, and thin-lipped soldiers were modeled after persons from the province of Sichuan. Others were clearly from Gansu, and there were some who appeared to be members of various minorities in northwestern China. Each had its own hairdo: the ones with long hair had this knotted at the right side of the head because the Qin people esteemed the right.To the surprise of both Chinese and Western archaeologists, a few of the clay soldiers showed non-Chinese characteristics, possibly being persons from as far away as Arabia or Persia. This was particularly surprising because it had long been assumed that there were no persons from outside China living there in such ancient times.Yet a century later the historical record does indicate limited contact with foreigners. There is one report in the annals of the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 25-220) of a Roman juggler who arrived in China by way of Burma in A.D. 109, and another of the arrival of an envoy from Macedonia at about the same time. And the Roman historian Lucius Annaeus Florus mentions the coming of a Chinese envoy to Rome as early as the reign of Augustus (27 B.C.-A.D.14).But extensive contacts between China and the West didn't really begin until the northern Silk Road was gradually developed after 138 B.C. This overland route started at present-day Xi'an and passed through theWestern Corridor beyond the Yellow River, Xinjiang, Farghana (now Uzbekistan), Persia (Iran) and Tajik (Iraq) where it met western boundary of the Roman Empire.For more than a thousand years this northern Silk Road provided a route for caravans that brought to China dates, saffron powder and pistachio nuts from Persia; glass bottles from Egypt, and many other expensive and desirable goods from other parts of the world. And the caravans went home with their camels and horses loaded down by bolts of silk brocade and boxes filled with lacquer ware and porcelains.Another Silk Road, documented in the geography section of the History of Han Dynasty was a sea route that began at the ports of Xuwen and Hepu on the Reizhou Peninsula in South China (near which the city of Beihai is now located), passed through the Malacca Strait and ended in Burma or the Huangchi Kingdom of southern India.More Chinese porcelains and silks reached Europe by this route than by the overland one because of pirates and storms at sea. Subsidiary branches of this Silk Road of the Sea reached such places as Korea, Japan, and the Philippines to allow for the exchange of various goods not readily available over the land route. For example, as early as the third century A.D., the Philippines were shipping gold to China by this route.1.Each excavated warriori（） .2.Which of the following statement is NOT true?3.Archaeologists were surprised by the exotic characteristics of the clay solder because（） .4.It could be inferred from the last paragraph that（） .5.In the passage "Silk Road"refers to（） .

This speculation (a course taught with technology helps students learn more than the one taught in the live classroom) is not baseless: studies comparing technology-based and traditional course offerings are beginning to appear with regularity, and technology is looking better all time. Universities that specialize in distance education are learning how to use multimedia courseware and the Internet effectively and the quality of their offerings is gaining increasing recognition. When students in the near future have a choice between (a) attending passive lectures at fixed locations and times in a campus-based curriculum and (b) completing interactive multimedia tutorials at any convenient place and time in a distance-based curriculum, guess which alternative more of them will begin to choose.This is not to say that technology is a panacea. Passive instructional technology-e.g., simply pointing a video camera at a conventional lecture or using the Web only to display text and pictures—does not promote much learning, no matter how dynamic the lecturer or how colorful the graphic images. Moreover, even at its best technology will never be able to do some things that first-rate teachers do routinely, such as advising, encouraging, motivating, and serving as role models for students, helping them develop the communication and interpersonal skills they will need to succeed in their careers, and getting them to teach and learn from one another. Most successful people can think back to at least one gifted teacher who changed their lives by doing one or more of these things; it is unlikely that anyone will ever be able to do the same for a software package.Here, then, is what our crystal ball says about the future of higher education. An increasing share of undergraduate degrees will be earned in well-designed distance-based programs at conventional universities and institutions without walls like the British Open University, and an increasing number of people will bypass college altogether and seek competency-based certification in fields like information technology. Some highly ranked research universities will still teach traditionally and continue to attract undergraduates by virtue of their prestige, serving primarily as training grounds for graduate schools. Many of the much greater number of less prestigious universities will try to keep doing business as usual, but having to compete for a shrinking pool of undergraduates will force them to either change their practices or close their doors. And a growing number of universities will systematically incorporate interactive multimedia-based instructional software in their live classroom-based courses, making sure that the courses are taught by professors who serve as true mentors to their students and not just transmitters of information. These universities will continue to thrive—and they will provide the best college education.1.In the first paragraph, the author suggests that（）.2."a panacea" (Line 1,2nd paragraph) probably means（）.3.It is implied in the second paragraph that（） .4.What does the author say about the future of most universities?5.Which of the following best describes the role of a professor in the future classroom?

As is the case in many cultures, the degree to which a minority group was seen as different from the characteristics of the dominant majority determined the extent of that group's acceptance. Immigrants who were like the earlier settlers were accepted. The large numbers of immigrants with significantly different characteristics tended to be viewed as a threat to basic American values and the American way of life.This was particularly true of the immigrants who arrived by the millions during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Most of them came from poverty-stricken nations of southern and eastern Europe. They spoke languages other than English, and large numbers of them were Catholics or Jews.Americans at the time were very fearful of this new flood of immigrants. They were afraid that these people were so accustomed to lives of poverty and dependence that they would not understand such basic American values as freedom, self-reliance and competition. There were so many new immigrants that they might even change the basic values of the nation in undesirable ways.Americans tried to meet what they saw as a threat to their values by offering English instruction for the new immigrants and citizenship classes to teach them basic American beliefs. The immigrants, however, often felt that their American teachers disapproved of the traditions of their homeland. Moreover, learning about American values gave them little help in meeting their most important needs such as employment, food, and a place to live.Far more helpful to the new immigrants were the "political bosses" of the larger cities of the northeastern United States, where most of the immigrants first arrived. Those bosses saw too many of the practical needs of the immigrants and were more accepting of the different homeland traditions. In exchange for their help, the political bosses expected the immigrants to keep them in power by voting for them in elections.In spite of this, many scholars believe that the political bosses performed an important function in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They helped to assimilate large numbers of disadvantaged white immigrants into the larger American culture. The fact that the United States had a rapidly expanding economy at the beginning of the century made it possible for these new immigrants, often with the help of the bosses, to better their standard of living in the United States. As a result of these new opportunities and new rewards, immigrants came to accept most of the values of the larger American culture and were accepted by the great majority of Americans. For white ethnic groups, therefore, it is generally true that their feeling of being a part of the larger culture, that is, "American" is much stronger than their feeling of belonging to a separate ethnic group— Irish, Italian, Polish, etc.1.A minority group's acceptance to the country was determined by（）.2.The immigrants' flushing in was considered a threat to American value mainly because（） .3."Citizenship classes" (Para. 4) were offered because Americans（）.4.The political bosses helped the new immigrants for the main purpose of（）.5.The living standards of the new immigrants were improved in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries mainly because（） .

Computers have aided in the study of humanities for almost as long as the machines have existed. Decades ago, when the technology consisted solely of massive, number-crunching mainframe computers, the chief liberal arts applications were in compiling statistical indexes of works of literature.Mainframe computers helped greatly in the highly laborious task, which dates back to the Renaissance, of cataloging each reference of a particular word in a particular work. Concordances help scholars scrutinize important texts for patterns and meaning. Other humanities applications for computers in this early era of technology included compiling dictionaries, especially for foreign or antiquated languages, and cataloging library collections.Such types of computer usage in the humanities may seem limited at first, but they have produced some interesting results in the last few years and promise to continue to do so. As computer use and access have grown, so has the number of digitized texts of classic literary works.The computer-based study of literary texts has established its own niche in academia. Donald Foster, an English professor at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, is one of the leaders in textual scholarship. In the late 1980s Foster created SHAXICON, a database that tracks all the “rare” words used by English playwright William Shakespeare. Each of these words appears in any individual Shakespeare play no more than 12 times. The words can then be cross-referenced with some 2,000 other poetic texts, allowing experienced researchers to explore when they were written, who wrote them, how the author was influenced by the works of other writers, and how the texts changed us they were reproduced over the centuries.In late 1995 Foster’s work attracted widespread notice when he claimed that Shakespeare was the anonymous author of an obscure 578-line poem, A Funeral Elegy (1612). Although experts had made similar claims for other works in the past, Foster gained the backing of a number of prominent scholars because of his computer-base approach. If Foster’s claim holds up to long-term judgment, the poem will be one of the few additions to the Shakespearean canon in the last 100 years.Foster’s work gained further public acclaim and validation when he was asked to help identify the anonymous author of the best-selling political novel Primary Colors (1996). After using his computer program to compare the stylistic traits of various writers with those in the novel, Foster tabbed journalist Joe Klein as the author. Soon after, Klein admitted that he was the author. Foster was also employed as an expert in the case of the notorious Unabomber, a terrorist who published an anonymous manifesto in several major newspapers in 1995.1.This paper will mainly discuss（）.2.which of the following is NOT true?3.Foster identified the author of an anonymous manifesto by（）.4.Which of the following can most probably be inferred from the passage?5.By "access have grown" in paragraph 3, the author probably means that（）.

Since the early 1930s, Swiss banks had prided themselves on their system of banking secrecy and numbered accounts.Over the year, they had successfully (1) every challenge to this system by their own government who, (2 ) had been frequently urged by foreign governments to reveal information about the financial affairs of certain account(3 ). The result of this policy of secrecy was(4 )a kind of mystique had grown up around Swiss banking. There was a widely-held belief that Switzerland was(5 ) to wealthy foreigners, mainly because of its numbered accounts and bankers' reluctance to ask awkward questions(6 ) depositors. (7 )to the mystique was the view that if this secrecy was ever given up, foreigners would fall over themselves in the rush to(8 )money, and the Swiss banking system would virtually collapse overnight.To many, (9 ), it came like a bolt out of the(10) , when, in 1977, the Swiss banks announced they had signed a_(11)with the Swiss National Bank (the Central Bank). The aim of the agreement was(12) the improper use of the country's bank secrecy laws, and its(13) was to curb severely the system of secrecy.The rules which the banks had agreed to observe(14)he opening of numbered accounts subject to much closer_(15)than before. The banks would be required, if necessary, to(16)_ the origin of foreign funds going into numbered and other accounts. The idea was to stop such accounts being used for(17 ) purposes. Also, they agreed not to accept funds resulting from tax(18) or from crime.The pact represented essentially a tightening up of banking rules. (19) the banks agreed to end relations with clients whose identities were unclear or who were performing improper acts, they were still not obliged to inform(20 ) a client to anyone, including the Swiss government. To some extent, therefore, the principle of secrecy had been maintained.

You are likely to get a promotion because of the profitable ( ) you made for the company last month.

The artist has made a ( ) of combining the first-rate photography and design with advanced technology in every piece of work he produces.

Firefighters were not attacking the major fires in Virginia directly but were putting out hot spots that could prove dangerous if winds ( ) .

Oriental Radio has decided to cancel this pop star from a/an ( ) broadcast for his breach of contract.

It is well known that the popular singer has a/an ( ) car in addition to a large house.

While Apple was coming under increasing pressure from lower cost PC clones, the company's initial response was to develop even more ( ) high-end computers.

If the investment tax credit is ( ) as a part of tax reform plan, the capital-intensive businesses such as steel-makers and airliners will face a hard time.

Many of these companies moved to the Inland South to take ( ) of the lower wages and the lack of strong labor unions in the region.

It is astonishing to know that children and youth ( ) the biggest segment of the country's homeless population.

With its stock price rising by 20 percent, the company becomes the second most ( ) technology firm in the county.

A lot of people worked long hours because high unemployment meant that they could easily be ( ) .

You many have ever entered a bookstore just to take ( ) from a sudden shower, but you found time spent there was very enjoyable.

In the past, consumers were often cheated or ( ) into buying goods by business firms and they could hardly do anything about it.

Women want the same pay if they hold the same jobs as men. At home, however, they do not expect their husbands to ( ) in the housework.

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