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贯穿我们整个历史，我们一直在考察星星，思考人类是否是唯一的高级生命，还是也许在黑暗的夜空某一处，还有其他生命，宇宙中同辈思想家，也和我们一样在思考和在怀疑。这类生命可能不同于我们看待他们自己和宇宙。那里也许会有异乎寻常的生物学、技术和社会。在这人们难以想象的广袤而古老的宇宙苍穹中，我们是有点孤寂，我们思考着我们小而精微的蓝色星球的最终意义，假如有意义的话。探索来自外星的信息就是为人类探索能接受的宇宙渊源背景。从深层意义上说，探索外星的信息就是探索我们自己。随着人们越来越投身于这一严肃的探索事业，一个稍带否定含义但很有趣的音符出现了。最近，有一些科学家提出一个难以解释的问题：如果外星来的信息量很大，那我们为什么没有看出其表现的形式呢？

无比强大的科技很快就将完全改变我们的生活。这可能会产生危险的后果，尤其是因为我们可能不懂背后的基础科学。我们的科技能力和对科学的基本理解之间的差距愈发加大。我们借助于未来科技可以从事非常巧妙的事情，而不必理解基本的科学，这是很危险的。未来的一百年中特别危险的技术是纳米技术、人工智能和生物技术。它们带来的好处不容置疑，但它们潜在的危险很大。在人工智能领域，到2010年比人脑聪明500亿倍的东西原型设计已经出现。电影《终结者》（Terminator）中唯一不可能实现的事是人类获胜。假如你在和比自己聪明得多的技术对抗，你可能不会取胜。我们都听说过灰色粘质（grey goo）问题，能自我复制的纳米技术装置不停地复制，直到世界沦为黏糊糊的质体（sticky goo）。无疑在生物技术方面，我们真的有个大问题，因为它在与纳米技术合流。一旦把纳米技术和有机体相结合，就有了纳米技术制造的细菌，我们能够比《星际迷航》中的博格飞船（the Borg in Star Trek）旅行得更远，但那些超人生物体可能对我们并不太友好。我们所处的世界科学与商业日益结盟。在全球自由贸易体制的环境中，技术正在发展，这种体制认为技术的传播与商业结合实质上是件好事。我们应该做好准备，迎接围绕新兴技术而展开的前所未有的争论。

Modern science has opened up the path for the progress of production techniques and determined the direction of their development. Many new instruments of production and technological processes first see the light of day in the scientific laboratories. A series of newborn industries have been founded on the basis of newly-emerged disciplines of science and technology， of course, there are, and there will be, many theoretical research topics with no practical application in plain sight for the time being. However a host of historical facts have proved that once a major breakthrough is scored in theoretical research, it means tremendous progress for production and technology sooner or later.Contemporary natural sciences are being applied to production on an unprecedented scale and at a higher speed than ever before. This has given all fields of material production an entirely new look. In particular, the development of electronic computers and automation technology is raising the degree of automation in production. With the same amount of manpower and in the same number of work-hours, people can turn out scores or hundreds of times more products than before. How is it that the social productive forces have made such tremendous advances and how is it that labor productivity has increased by such a big margin? Mainly through the power of science, the power of technology. Therefore, we maintain that the development of modern science and technology has linked science and production even closer together. As part of the productive forces, science and technology are coming to play an even greater role than ever before.

Even the automobile industry, which has remained largely unchanged for the last seventy years, is about to feel the effects of the computer revolution.The automobile industry ranks as among the most lucrative and powerful industries of the twentieth century. There are presently 500 million cars on earth, or one car for every ten people. Sales of the automobile industry stand at about a trillion dollars, making it the world’s biggest manufacturing industry.The car, and the roads it travels on, will be revolutionized in the twenty-first century. The key to tomorrow’s “smart cars” will be sensors. “We’ll see vehicles and roads that see and hear and feel and smell and talk and act,” predicts Bill Spreitzer, technical director of General Motors Corporation’s ITS program, which is designing the smart car and road of the future.Approximately 40,000 people are killed each year in the United States in traffic accidents. The number of people that are killed or badly injured in car accidents is so vast that we don’t even bother to mention them in the newspapers anymore. Fully half of these fatalities come from drunk drivers, and many others from carelessness. A smart car could eliminate most of these car accidents. It can sense if a driver is drunk via electronic sensors that can pick up alcohol vapor in the air, and refuse to start up the engine. The car could also alert the police and provide its precise location if it is stolen.

Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seal to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the ocean’s surface and last for over 70 minutes. Recent field studies, however, suggest that during more typical dives in the wild, this seal’s physiological behavior is different.In the laboratory, when the seal dives below the surface of the water and stops breathing, its heart beats more slowly, requiring less oxygen, and its arteries become constricted, ensuring that the seal’s blood remains concentrated near those organs most crucial to its ability to navigate underwater. The seal essentially shuts off the flow of blood to other organs, which either stop functioning until the seal surfaces or switch to an anaerobic (oxygen-independent) metabolism. The latter results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid which can adversely affect the pH of the seal’s blood but since the anaerobic metabolism occurs only in those tissues which have been isolated from the seal’s blood supply, the lactic acid is released into the seal’s blood only after the seal surfaces, when the lungs, liver, and other organs quickly clear the acid from the seal’s blood-stream.Recent field studies, however, reveal that on dives in the wild, the seal usually heads directly for its prey and returns to the surface in less than twenty minutes. The absence of high levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood after such dives suggests that during them, the seal’s organs do not resort to the anaerobic metabolism observed in the laboratory, but are supplied with oxygen from the blood. The seal’s longer excursions underwater, during which it appears to be either exploring distant routes or evading a predator, do evoke the diving response seen in the laboratory. But why do the seal’s laboratory dives always evoke this response, regardless of their length or depth? Some biologists speculate that because in laboratory dives the seal is forcibly submerged, it does not know how long it will remain underwater and so prepares for the worst.36. The passage provides formation to support which of the following generalizations?37. The passage suggests that during laboratory dives, the pH of the Weddell seal’s blood is not adversely affected by the production of lactic acid because ______.38. Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage?39. The author cites which of the following as characteristic of the Weddell seal’s physiological behavior during dives observed in the laboratory?I. A decrease in the rate at which the seal’s heart beats.II. A constriction of the seal’s arteries.III. A decrease in the levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood.IV. A temporary halt in the functioning of certain organs.40. The passage suggests that because Weddell seals are forcibly submerged during laboratory dives, they do which of the following?

There were two widely divergent influences on the earl development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses, all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be either quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level-variables， that are characterized by the underlying continuum or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing, or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system, who come to school without breakfast have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.31. The passage is mainly concerned with .32. According to the first paragraph, counting and describing are associated with .33. Why does the author mention “mother” and “father” in the first paragraph?34. Which of the following statements about descriptive statistics is best supported by the passage?35. According to the passage, what is the purpose of examining a sample or a population?

The tragic impact of modern city on the human being has killed his sense of aesthetics. The material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from his city and its cultural potential to the products of science and technology: washing machines, central heating, automatic cookers, television sets, computers and fitted carpets. He is, at the moment, drunk with democracy, well-to-do, and has never had it so good.He is reluctant to walk. Statistical data reveal that the distance he is prepared to walk from his parking place to his shopping center is very short. As there are no adequate off street parking facilities, the cities are littered with kerb-parked cars, and parking meters rear themselves everywhere. Congestion has become the predominant factor in his environment, and statistics suggest that two cars per household system may soon make matters worse.In the meantime, insult is added to injury by “land value”. The value of land results from its use: its income is derived from the service it provides. When its use is intensified, its income and its value increase. “Putting land to its highest and best use” becomes the principal economic standard in urban growth. This speculative approach and the pressure of increasing population leads to the “vertical” growth of cities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion in order to maintain these relatively artificial land values. Paradoxically the remedy for removing congestion is to create more of it.Partial decentralization, or rather pseudo-decentralization, in the form of large development units away from the traditional town centers, only shifts the disease round the anatomy of the town: if it is not combined with the remodeling of the town’s transportation system, it does not cure it. Here the engineering solutions are strongly affected by the necessity for complicated intersections, which, in turn, are frustrated by the extravagant cost of land.It is within our power to build better cities and revive the civic pride of their citizens, but we shall have to stop operating on the fringe of the problem. We shall have radically to re-plan them to achieve a rational density of population. We shall have to provide in them what can be called minimum “psychological elbow room.” One of the ingredients of this will be proper transportation plans. These will have to be an integral part of the overall planning process which in itself is a scientific process. If we want to plan effectively, we must collect, in an organized manner, all and complete information about the city or the town. In this process, we must not forget that cities are built by people, and that their form and shape should be subject to the will of the people. Scientific methods of data collection and analysis will indicate trends, but they will not direct action. Scientific methods are only an instrument. Man will have to set the target, and, using the results obtained by science and his own engineering skill, take upon himself the final shaping of his environment.26. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that people in old times .27. The highly-developed technology has made man .28. The drastic increase of land value in the city .29. The expansion of big cities to the distant suburban areas may .30. The author suggests that the remodeling of cities must __.

Navigation computers, now sold by most car-makers, cost $2,000 and up. No surprise, then, that they are most often found in luxury cars like Lexus, BMW and Audi. But it is a developing technology—meaning prices should eventually drop—and the market does seem to be growing.Even at current prices, a navigation computer is impressive. It can guide you from point to point in most major cities with precise turn-by-turn directions—spoken by a clear human sounding voice, and written on a screen in front of the driver.The computer works with an antenna that takes signals from no fewer than three of the 24 global positioning system (GPS) satellites. By measuring the time required for a signal to travel between the satellites and the antenna, the cars location can be pinned down within 100 meters.The satellite signals, along with inputs on speed from a wheel-speed sensor and direction from a meter, determine the cars position even as it moves. This information is combined with a map database. Streets, landmarks and points of interest are included.Most systems are basically identical. The differences come in hardware—the way the computer accepts the driver’s request for directions and the way it presents the driving instructions. On most systems, a driver enters a desired address, motorway junction or point of interest via a touch screen or disc. But the Lexus screen goes a step further: you can point to any spot on the map screen and get directions to it. BMWS system offers a set of cross hairs that can be moved across the map (you have several choices of map scale) to pick a point you’d like to get to. Audi’s screen can be switched to TV reception.Even the voices that recite the directions can differ, with better systems like BMWS and Lexus’s having a wider vocabulary. The instructions are available in French, German, Spanish, Dutch and Italian as well as English. The driver can also choose parameters for determining the route: fastest, shortest or no freeways, for example.21. We learn from the passage that navigation computers .22. With a navigation computer, a driver will easily find the best route to his destination .23. Despite their varied designs, navigation computers used in cars .24. The navigation computer functions .25. The navigation systems in Lexus, BMW and Audi are mentioned to show __.

Britain’s richest people have experienced the biggest ever rise in their wealth, according to the Sunday Times Rich List. Driven by the new economy of the Internet and computer entrepreneurs, the wealth of those at the top of the financial tree has increased at an unprecedented rate. The 12th annual Rich List will show that the collective worth of the country’s richest 1, 000 people reached nearly 146 billion pounds by January, the cutoff point for the survey. They represented an increase of 31 billion, or 27%, in just 12 months. Since the survey was compiled, Britain’s richest have added billions more to their wealth, thanks to the continuing boom in technology shares on the stock market. This has pushed up the total value of the wealth of the richest 1,000 to a probable 160 billion according to Dr. Philip Beresford, Britain’s acknowledged expert on personal wealth who compiles the Sunday Times Rich List.The millennium boom exceeds anything in Britain’s economic history, including the railway boom of the 1840s and the South Sea bubble of 1720. It has made Margaret Thatcher’s boom seem as sluggish as Edward Heath’s “three-day week”, said Beresford. “We are seeing billions being added to the national wealth every week.” William Rubinstein, professor of modern history at the University of Wales; Abe Ystwyth, confirmed that the growth in wealth was unprecedented. Almost all of today’s wealth has been created since the industrial revolution, but even by those heady standards the current boom is extraordinary, he said. “There is no large scale cultural opposition or guilt about making money. In many ways British business attitudes can now challenge the United States.”Although the Britain’s richest are experiencing the sharpest surge in wealth, the rest of the population has also benefited from the stock market boom and rising house prices. Last year wealth rose by 16% to a record 4,267 billion, according to calculations by the investment bank Salomon Smith Barney. In real terms, wealth has increased by more than a third since the late 1980s. Much of the wealth of the richest is held in shares in start-up companies.Some of these paper fortunes, analysts agree, could easily be wiped out, although the wealth generating effects of the Internet revolution seem to be here to stay. A Sunday Times Young Rich List confirms that people are becoming wealthier younger. It includes the 60 richest millionaires aged 30 or under. At the top, on 600m, is the “old money” Earl of Inveigh, 30, head of the Guinness brewing family. In second place is Charles Nasser, also 30, who launched the Clara NET Internet provider four years ago and is worth 300m. The remaining eight in the top 10 young millionaires made their money from computing and the Internet.16. The “cutoff point for the survey” (in Paragraph 1) refers to .17. Which one is an example of the changed business attitude in Britain?18. The millennium economic boom in Britain .19. Why does the author call the wealth of the riches “paper fortunes”?20. A new tendency emerged in the current boom is that __.

Banks are not ordinarily prepared to pay out all accounts; they rely on depositors not to demand payment all at the same time. If depositors should come to fear that a bank couldn’t pay off all its depositors, then that fear might cause all the depositors to appear on the same day. If they did, the bank could not pay all accounts. However, if they did not all appear at once, then there would always be funds to pay those who wanted their money when they wanted it. Mrs. Elsie Vaught has told us of a terrifying bank run (挤兑) that she experienced. One day, in December of 1925 several banks failed to open in a city where she lived. The other banks anticipated a run the next day, and so the officers of the bank in which Mrs. Vaught worked as a teller (出纳员) had enough funds on hand to pay off as many depositors as might apply. The officers simply instructed the tellers to pay on demand. Next morning a crowd gathered in the bank and on the sidewalk outside. The length of the line convinced many that the bank could not possibly pay off everyone. People began to push and then to fight for places near the teller’s windows. Clothing was torn and limbs broken, but the jam continued for hours. The power of the panic atmosphere is evident in the fact that two tellers, though they knew that the bank was sound and could pay out all depositors, nevertheless withdrew the funds in their own accounts. Mrs. Vaught says that she had difficulty restraining herself from doing the same.11. A bank run occurs when .12. What happened to some of the customers of the bank where Mrs. Vaught worked?13. The essential cause of a run on a bank is .14. The crowds gathered in Mrs. Vaught’s bank and on the sidewalk because of .15. According to the passage, the actions of the customers of Mrs. Vaught’s bank were influenced chiefly by .

There is a new type of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns. It is sometimes placed among “situations vacant”, although it does not offer anyone a job, and sometimes it appears among “situation wanted”, although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.“Contact us before writing your application” or “Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae or job history” is how it is usually expressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is, of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of the growing importance of the curriculum vitae (or job history), with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application. “Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams” was about the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained, everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in those days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach. “Your search is over. I am the person you are looking for” was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded. Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the job in view.There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.6. The new type of advertisement which is appearing in newspaper classified columns .7. Nowadays a demand for this specialized type of service has been created because .8. In the past it was expected that first job hunters would .9. Later, as one went on to apply for more important jobs, one was advised to include in the letter .10. The job history has become such an important document because __.

Nutritional status affects children’s behavior. Well-nourished children are more alert and attentive and are better able to benefit from physical and learning experience. Poorly nourished children may be quiet and withdrawn, or too active during class activities. Fat children also face many problems. They are often slow and less able to participate in physical activity. They may suffer from being laughed at and emotional stress by being excluded from playmates.Children’s resistance to infection and illness is also definitely influenced by their nutritional status. Children who are well nourished are less likely to become ill; they also recover more quickly when they are sick. Poorly nourished children are more sensitive to infections and illness. Illness also increases the need for some nutrients. Thus poor nutrition creates a cycle of illness, poorer nutritional status, and lowered resistance to illness.Malnutrition is a serious problem for many young children but it is not always associated with poverty or a poor environment. Children of middle and upper income families may also be malnourished because of unwise food selections. Malnutrition occurs when there is prolonged imbalance of the nutrients that are required and the nutrients that are actually eaten. Malnutrition may be the result of under nutrition or over-nutrition.It is important that both of these conditions be avoided in young child. An adequate intake of all required nutrients is most vital during early periods of growth and development. Also, the effects of nutritional deficiency on physical development during early childhood are less likely to be changed by improved dietary intake later.1. Well-nourished children tend to do all the following but .2. Which of the following statement is NOT true?3. Malnutrition may be caused by .4. It is implied in the passage that .5. The word “withdrawn” in Line 3 of Para 1 means .

作为中国历史上一个文化与智慧迅速扩张的时代，诸子百家始于公元前770年，终于公元前222年。这个时代被誉为中国思想的黄金时期和百家争鸣的时期，它见证了不同思想学派的兴起。不少起源于这个时代的中国古典著作直到今日对中国人的生活方式和社会意识还有着深远的影响。这个时代的知识型社会以流动的智者为特征，这些智者被不同国家的君主任用为顾问，针对治国之道、治军之道和外交手段提出建议。儒家思想可能是对国人生活最具有长远影响的本体思想。它还被称为学者学派，其文学遗产存在于儒家典籍中，这些典籍为传统社会奠定了基础，这种思想的代表人物是孔子，他主张君主以仁治国。孟子是孔子的弟子，他为儒家思想中人道的传播做出了主要贡献，宣扬“人性本善”。中国同样见证了国学思想中第二主要的流派——道家思想的发展。它由传说中的圣人老子和庄子所构建。道家思想的核心在于自然境界中的个人而不是社会中的个人。根据道家思想，每个人的生活目标应该是调整自我来适应自然世界的节奏，顺应宇宙的模式，和谐生活。总而言之，“百家争鸣”的景象出现在2500年前的春秋时期和2200年前的战国时期，2400年前，诸子百家的出现以及他们的倡导者老子和孔子都在世界哲学史的发展过程中占据了重要地位。

中国国家主席习近平开启了对英国为期四天的国事访问，在访问的第一天，习近平在白金汉宫参加了皇室国宴。在女王的演讲中，她称中英两国关系是全球伙伴关系，并认为习的此次出访是一次决定性的访问。此次会晤的重点是中国将会在未来几十年对英国的基础设施建设进行投资。投资核能、高铁以及其他技术领域，以及使伦敦成为人民币业务中心，将给伦教以及英国经济带来数十亿资产，而英国则将会把中国看成是世界舞台的合作伙伴。

TWO nuclear bombs are among many curious machines which the Science Museum stores at an old airfield in Wiltshire. An early hovercraft stands with a fleet of submersibles and a truck that once roamed the Antarctic. Now a new acquisition is on the way. Around the runway workers are preparing to lay out 155,000 solar panels—at about 170 acres, one of the biggest solar farms in Britain.Though Britain’s hillsides are peppered with wind turbines, solar panels produce less than half of one percent of its power. Racing to hit a European target that requires it to generate 30% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020, the government wants a lot more. Gregory Barker, an energy minister, says the solar industry could expand sixfold within a decade. Laid on the ground, that many panels would fill an area of about 150 square miles.Fields full of solar panels are less obtrusive than hillside turbines, and simpler to install. Whereas opposition to wind power is mounting, about 85% of Britons back new solar projects. Big arrays may even encourage some kinds of wildlife, for example by sheltering ground-nesting birds.It is also getting cheaper. The cost of installing solar panels has fallen by half since 2010 due to heavy deployment in Germany and elsewhere. Weak British sunlight makes energy from solar farms about 25% more expensive than from onshore wind turbines—and more than twice the wholesale price of power—but the government expects a 20% reduction by 2020.Solar companies say ministers must do more. Planners, fearing eyesores, are growing less co-operative (complaints from rural campaigners are holding up the Science Museum’s array). Grid connections are getting more expensive as developers choose sites ever farther from big towns.Yet caution is wise, for two reasons. First, hefty investment in sunnier countries means the price of panels will keep falling without much help from British taxpayers; government cash might go much further in a year or two.Second, the price of solar panels reflects only part of the technology’s costs. Panels produce very little power during winter; in summer they can generate too much. The National Grid, which manages Britain’s power-transmission network, says that a big solar programme would mean finding extra cash to mitigate these swings in supply. A preponderance of panels is already making it difficult to build more farms in the sunny south-west.If Britain is serious about hitting its legally-binding target for renewable generation, more solar seems inevitable. But the roofs of offices, factories and warehouses are the best places for it. Putting panels there lowers energy bills for businesses while placing less strain on local grids. That seems a brighter idea.

What is the best exercise to control high blood pressure? Take your pick, as the best exercise to control high blood pressure seems to be virtually any exercise, like walking or cycling or lightweight training, especially if your workouts are spread throughout the day.“Even standing might work,” says Glenn Gaesser, the director of the Healthy Lifestyles Research Center at Arizona State University and an expert on exercise and hypertension. Exercise lowers blood pressure in large part by altering blood vessel stiffness so blood flows more freely. This effect occurs during and immediately after a workout, so the blood-pressure benefits from exercise are most pronounced right after, you work out. As a result, the best way to fight hypertension may be to divvy up your workout into bite-size pieces.In a 2012 study by Dr. Gaesser, three 10-minute walks spread throughout the day were better at preventing subsequent spikes in blood pressure—which can indicate worsening blood pressure control—than one 30-minute walk. And if even a 10-minute walk sounds daunting, try standing more often. In another study led by Dr. Gaesser and published in August, overweight volunteers with blood pressure problems were asked to sit continuously during an eight-hour workday while their blood pressure was monitored. The readings were, as expected, unhealthy.But when, during another workday, those volunteers stood up every hour for at least 10 minutes, their blood pressure readings improved substantially. The readings were even better when, on additional workdays, the volunteers strolled at a pokey 1-mile-per-hour pace at treadmill desks for at least 10 minutes every hour or pedaled under-desk exercise bikes for the same number of minutes every hour.“Exercise intensity does not appear to play any significant role” in helping people control blood pressure, Dr. Gaesser says. Movement is what matters. So go for a stroll a few times during the day or simply stand up more often to develop healthier blood pressure.

October 16th is World Food Day, a day of action against hunger. The date commemorates the founding in 1945 of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, or FAO. On this day, people around the world come together to declare their commitment to eradicate hunger in our lifetime.Over the past decade or so, we have seen a great reduction of people living with hunger on a nearly daily basis. Back then, about one in six people went to bed hungry most nights. Now it’s about one in every nine.Nonetheless, that still leaves some 795,000 thousand chronically hungry people around the world. Of these, 60 percent are women, and this despite the fact that most small farmers living in the developing world are women. And when women go hungry, so, all too often, do children. About 161 million kids under the age of five malnourished. This means that their brains won’t develop normally, they may have difficulties learning, and their physical and cognitive growth is stunted. Lack of nutrition compromises not only their own success in the future, but also the development of the communities, economies and countries in which they live. In addition to those children who are chronically undernourished, almost 5 million children under the age of 5 die of malnutrition-related causes every year.The global community is working to eradicate hunger, because it is the right thing to do. The first of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, called for halving the proportion of people suffering from hunger and facing extreme poverty. We have achieved that goal. As we transition to a sustainable development agenda for 2030, we have raised our ambitions and are striving to effectively end hunger and extreme poverty altogether.

No man has been more harshly judged than Machiavelli, especially in the two centuries following his death. But he has since found many able champions and the tide has turned. The prince has been termed a manual for tyrants, the effect of which has been most harmful. But were Machiavelli’s doctrines really new? Did he discover them? He merely had the frankness and courage to write down what everybody was thinking and what everybody knew. He merely gives us the impressions he had received from a long and intimate intercourse with princes and the affairs of state. It was Lord Bacon who said that Machiavelli tells us what princes do, not what they ought to do. When Machiavelli takes Caesar Borgia as a model, he does not praise him as a hero at all, but merely as a prince who was capable of attaining the end in view. The life of the state was the primary object. It must be maintained. And Machiavelli has laid down the principles, based upon his study and wide experience, by which this may be accomplished. He wrote from the viewpoint of the politician—not of the moralist. What is good politics may be bad morals, and in fact, by a strange fatality, where morals and politics clash, the latter generally gets the upper hand. And will anyone contend that the principles set forth by Machiavelli in his Prince or his Discourses have entirely perished from the earth? Has diplomacy been entirely stripped of fraud and duplicity? Let anyone read the famous eighteenth chapter of The Prince: “In what Manner Princes should Keep their Faith.” and he will be convinced that what was true nearly four hundred years ago, is quite as true today.Of the remaining works of Machiavelli the most important is the History of Florence written between 1521 and 1525, and dedicated to Clement VII. This book is merely a rapid review of the Middle Ages, and as part of it the history of Florence. Machiavelli’s method has been criticized for adhering at times too closely to the chroniclers of his time, and at others rejecting their testimony without apparent reason, while in its details the authority of his History is often questionable. It is the straightforward, logical narrative, which always holds the interest of the reader, that is the greatest charm of the History.36. It can be inferred from the beginning of the text that .37. Lord Bacon’s remarks on Machiavelli is quoted as .38. In the case of Caesar Borgia the author holds that .39. According to the author, a politician’s morality .40. The author’s opinion on Machiavelli’s History of Florence is that __.

It was a brief, shining moment in Egypt’s history—a time of epochal change presided over by a Pharaoh named Akhenaten and his beautiful wife Nefertiti. During his 17-year reign the old gods were cast aside, monotheism was introduced, and the arts liberated from their stifling rigidity. Even Egypt’s capital was moved to a new city along the Nile called Akhetaten (modern Amarna). But like Camelot, it was short-lived, and its legacy was buried in the desert sands.Now Akhenaten’s 3,400-year-old world has been brilliantly recalled in an exhibit titled “Pharaohs of the Sun: Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Tutankhamen,” which opens this week at Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts. Part of the city’s eight-month tribute to ancient Egypt (operas, ballet and an IMAX film), it is a unique assemblage of more than 250 objects from Egypt’s 18th dynasty, some of which have languished unseen in storerooms and private collections for decades. They range from larger-than-life statues of Akhenaten to exquisitely sculpted reliefs and dazzling jewelry to such poignant reminders of everyday life as a perfectly preserved child’s sandal.The exhibit illuminates a murky period in Egyptian history that curator Rita Freed describes as having “all the elements of a soap opera.” When Amenhotep IV, as he was originally called, ascended the throne in 1353 B.C., Egypt was a flourishing empire, at peace with its neighbors. Yet there were troubling signs. His father Amenhotep III had already challenged the powerful priesthood by proclaiming the sun god Aten as foremost among Egyptian deities and himself as his living incarnation.His son shook things up even more, not only changing his name to honor the new god (Akhenaten means “one who serves Aten”) but also banishing the older gods, especially the priestly favorite Amen. Some scholars believe Akhenaten’s monotheism, a historic first, inspired the Hebrew prophets, but it had the more immediate effect of freeing Egypt’s artists. They could now portray the Pharaoh and the voluptuous Nefertiti (who may have shared the throne with him) in a far more casual, realistic way. Akhenaten’s cone-shaped head, elongated face, fingers and toes, pot belly and flaring hips have led some scholars to suggest that he had hydrocephalus or Marfan’s syndrome.He was certainly a revolutionary, propelled either by madness or by great vision. Still, his changes did not endure. After his death, his son-in-law (and perhaps son) Tutankhamen moved the political and religious capitals back to Memphis and Thebes respectively and reinstated the old gods. Egyptian art returned to its classic, ritualized style. And like Camelot, Akhenaten’s once bustling capital became only a mythic memory. “Pharaohs of the Sun” will remain in Boston until February, then travel to Los Angeles, Chicago and Leiden, the Netherlands.26. Which of the following event did not happen during Akhenaten’s reign over Egypt?27. We can learn from the text that in Boston, many activities are held as tribute to ancient Egypt except .28. The views of Akhenaten and his father on the sun god Aten are .29. Tutankhamen, according to the text, probably __.30. What can we learn about the exhibit on ancient Egypt’s 18th dynasty?

Sleep is a funny thing. We’re taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night, but a lot of us get by just fine on less, and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke—probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly.Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents are famously sleep deprived. When I was training to become a neurosurgeon, it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took it in stride, confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care. Maybe we shouldn’t have been so sure of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness, a person’s motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously, surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often don’t think twice about operating without enough sleep.“I could tell you horror stories,” says Jaya Agrawal, president of the American Medical Student Association, which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes. Some are terrifying. “I was operating after being up for over 36 hours,” one writes. “I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound.”“Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work,” writes another. “I know of three who have hit parked cars. Another hit a ‘Jersey barrier’ on the New Jersey Turnpike, going 65 m.p.h.” “Your own patients have become the enemy,” writes a third, because they are “the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep.”Agrawal’s organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001, introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. Its key provisions, modeled on New York State’s regulations, include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour work-shift limit. Most doctors, however, resist such interference. Dr. Charles Binkley, a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan, agrees that something needs to be done but believes “doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government.”The U.S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is in place for doctors, patients are on their own. If you’re worried about the people treating you or a loved one, you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if more-rested staffers are available. Doctors, for their part, have to give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need.21. We can learn from the first paragraph that .22. Speaking of the sleep problems doctors fact, the author implies that .23. Paragraph 3 and 4 are written to .24. By “doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government” (paragraph 5), Dr. Charles Binkley means that .25. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?

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