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The initial fund of general scientific knowledge is an invaluable asset, but the young research worker should have no illusion about how little it is compared with what he or she should acquire during succeeding years. As to the precise value of this initial fund of knowledge, this depends to a great degree on how it has been acquired and on who has been imparting it. (1) Young scientists cannot realize too soon that existing scientific knowledge is not nearly so complete, certain and unalterable as many textbooks seem to imply.The original papers of great scientists describing their discoveries and explaining their theories are never as rigid and self -confident as the resumes of these discoveries and theories in textbooks by other men often suggest. Young scientists consulting these original works will find in them " it appears that”,“it probably means’’, “it seems likely that”n, more than once, as expressions of elements of doubt which great men felt and honestly put on record. (2) Many statements which have appeared in textbooks as universal and absolute truths have, in their original form, been put forward as only approximately true, or true only in certain circumstances.Immediately upon starting on the first serious piece of research, a young scientist must therefore do two things. (3) The first of these should be a careful reading of original papers or books relating to the problem, written by investigators whose technique and judgment he can trust. While reading these publications in a most attentive and receptive manner, the young scientist must not fall into the error of placing in them a greater confidence than their author would wish him to do. (4) No great scientist ever wants his pupils to be mere tape recorders, faithfully recording his remarks, never questioning anything. Never wanting to add to or subtract from what he has given them. The second thing a young scientist must do, almost but not quite simultaneously with the first, is to proceed with observations and experiments. (5) The initial observations and experiments will be failures, but they will help the development of appropriate experimental technique, and they will give a greater understanding of the literature the young scientist is studying.

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There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future”, the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper ― printing presses, delivery trucks—isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate is print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them.” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? “I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” he said, “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’d like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in, “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping.” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.” In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it, which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year—more than twice as much as a digital—only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business.” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situation, it’s better to be more aggressive that less aggressive.”1.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to (  ).2.Pertti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should (  ).3.It can be inferred from paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product” (  ).4.Peretti believes that in a changing world (  ).5.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?

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Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as factor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more we are together, the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health. They would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎)and consumptions (肺癌).The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement for the train might produce apoplexy (中风).The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to six for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks so that third-class passengers gained nothing from the new mode except speed.A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He describe them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape.1.All boys and girls in large families know that (  ).2.According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except(  ) .3.According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but(  ) .4.We may safely conclude that(  )5.What is the tone of the passage?

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“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers”, wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity’s view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world’s most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea’s fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island’s inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find to what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change it use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.1.Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates,(  ) .2.Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to (  ).3.The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because (  ).4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy(  ) . 5.The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of (  ).

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The art of public speaking began in ancient Greece over 2,000 years ago. Now twitter, instant messaging, e-mail, blogs and chat forums offer rival approaches to communication—but none can replace the role of a great speech.The spoken word can handle various vital functions: persuading or inspiring, informing, paying tribute, entertaining, or simply introducing someone or something or accepting something.Over the past year, the human voice has helped guide us over the ups and downs or what was certainly a stormy time.Persuasion is used in dealing with or reconciling different points of view. When the leaders met in Copenhagen in December 2009, persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action.Inspirational speeches confront the emotions. They focus on topics and matters that are close to people’s hearts. During wars, generals used inspiring speeches to prepare the troops for battle.A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us. The information must be clear, accurate, and expressed in a meaningful and interesting way. When the H1N1 pandemic was announced, the idea of “swine flu” scared many people. Informative speeches from Words Health Organization officials helped people to keep their panic under control so they could take sensible precautions.Sad events are never easy to deal with but a speech that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting. Madonna’s speech about Michael Jackson, after his death, heighted the fact that he will continue to live on through his music.It’s not only in world forums where public speaking plays an important role. It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives.If you’re taking part in a debate you need to persuade the listeners of the soundness of your argument. In sports, athletes know the importance of a pep talk (鼓舞士气的讲话) before a match to inspire teammates. You yourself may be asked to do a presentation at college or work to inform the others about an area of vital importance.On a more personal level, a friend may be upset and need comforting. Or you might be asked to introduce a speaker at a family event or to speak at a wedding, where you language will be needed to move people or make them laugh.Great speaking ability is not something we’re born with. Even Barack Obama works hard to perfect every speech. For a brilliant speech, there are rules that you can put to good use. To learn those rules you have to practice and learn from some outstanding speeches in the past.1.The author thinks the spoken word is still irreplaceable because(  ) .2.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the role of public speaking?3.Public speaking can play all the following roles EXCEPT(  ) .4.According to the passage, which of the following best explains the author’s view on “great speaking ability”?5.What is the main idea of the passage?

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Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warning about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn’t the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income equality and environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn. When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of country’s success, the world looks very different.So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental quality of education outcomes—all thing that contribute to a person’s sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymakers, who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress1.Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he(  ) .2.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that(  ) .3.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?4.In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that (  ).5.Which of the following is the best for the text?

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Perhaps no single monument in the USA is as famous are the State of Liberty. Standing on a small island in New York Harbor, the crowned lady, holding aloft in her right hand the torch of freedom and in her left hand a tablet which is inscribed “July 4th,1776”,is a symbol of American democracy. She is colossal. She is 151 ft. high and the pedestal on which she stands is almost as much. An elevator takes visitors to the top of the pedestal, around which a balcony runs.A Spiral staircase goes up to the crown, and another to the torch. The State of Liberty was a gift to the USA from France in 1886, as a mark of friendship and also in memory of the aid France gave the Americans during the American Revolution.For millions of immigrants, the Statue was their first sight of the promised land, and for a few it was also the last, as they sailed back home again. About a mile from Liberty Island, there is another small island, called Ellis Island, which was looked upon with dread by the immigrants. For it was here that they had to wait their turn to be examined by doctors and officials. Most of the immigrants could not speak a word of English. But only two out of 100 immigrants were refused admission to New York City. Often the person refused turned out to be a grand-mother or a weary, frightened girl mistakenly labeled “feeble-minded.” Sometimes husbands and wives were parted because one of them happened to have a bad cough and was suspected of having tuberculosis.New York City was a bitter disillusionment to some immigrants. For from being a city paved with gold, it was a city teeming with overcrowded, unhealthy and unsafe ghettos. The immigrants looked for earlier immigrants of their own nationality or religion. So Italian, Polish, Irish, Jewish neighborhoods grew up. Because they could not speak English, the newcomers found it difficult to get work at once, and their living quarters were often slums.However, they found in the USA opportunities of bettering themselves. Today immigrants no longer have to endure the indignities of Ells Island. The grim buildings were closed down in 1924. In 1976, Ellis Island became an historic monument.1.Which of the following is the best title for this passage?2.The word “colossal” in paragraph 1 means(  ) .3.Immigrants looked upon Ellis Island with dread because (  ).4.Paragraph 3 implies that (  ).5.Which of the following statement is not true?

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Our ape-men forefathers had no obvious weapons in the struggle for survival in the open. They had neither the powerful teeth nor the (1)claws of the big cats. They could not (2)with the bear, whose strength, speed and claws (3)an impressive “small-fire” weaponry. They could not even defend themselves (4)running swiftly like horse, zebras or small animals. If the ape-men had attempted to compete on those terms in the open, they would have been (5)to failure and extinction. But they were (6)with enormous concealed advantages of a kind not (7)by any of their competitors.In the search (8)the pickings of the forest, the ape-man had (9)efficient stereoscopic vision and a sense of color (10)the animals of the grasslands did not possess. The ability to see clearly at close range (11)the ape-men to study practical problems in a way that lay far (12)he reach of the original inhabitants of the grassland. Good long distance sight was (13)another matter. Lack of long-distance vision had not been a problem for forest-dwelling apes and monkeys because the higher the viewpoint, the greater the range of sight, so(14)they had had to do was climb a tree. Out in the open, however, this simple solution was not (15). Climbing a hill would have helped, but in many places the ground was flat. The ape-men (16)the only possible solution. They reared up as high as (17)on their hind limbs and began to walk upright. This vital change of physical position brought about considerable disadvantages. It was extremely unstable and it meant that the already slow ape-man became slower still. (18)they persevered and their bone structure gradually became (19)to the new, unstable position that (20)them the name Homo erectus, upright man.

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