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Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition entitled Spring Festival Gala on CCTV. You should write an essay about 300 words, and base your composition on the outline given below:1）许多人喜欢在除夕观看春节联欢晚会；2）有些人却提出取消春节联欢晚会；3）在我看来……

Directions: You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1. make an apology, and2. suggest a solution.Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Don’t sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead. You don’t need to write the address.

Sociology is defined as the study of human groups. In the broadest sense, sociology is concerned with understanding patterns of human relationships, their causes and their effects. Unlike psychology, sociology does not attempt to explain the behavior of a particular individual under certain circumstances. Rather, sociology focuses on social trends or other influences that affect whole groups or categories of people. Thus, while a psychologist might counsel an individual who feels worthless after retiring from a long and successful career, a sociologist would be more likely to examine societal attitudes that may contribute to the loss of self-esteem experienced by many retired persons in our society.The emphasis that sociology places on human groups rather than individuals stems directly from the work of Emile Durkheim, a pioneering sociologist of the nineteenth century. Durkheim likened the nature of a social group to bronze, a unique metal that is formed when the metals tin, copper, and lead are melted and mixed together. Durkheim noted that bronze is much harder than any of its component metals. In the same way, he reasoned, the characteristics of a social group viewed as a whole cannot be determined simply by examining the characteristics of its individual members. Nor can individuals be understood strictly in terms of the individuals themselves; when people come together as members of a particular group, the group exerts considerable pressure on the individual to conform to what it considers acceptable ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Besides developing a theoretical foundation for the study of social groups, Durkheim also conducted research designed to corroborate his theoretical work. Using landmark research methods, Durkheim collected and analyzed data from a number of countries that kept records on suicides.He wanted to show that social environment may have a profound effect even on those behaviors we consider most personal. The results of his study showed that suicide rates do indeed vary according to specific social characteristics.For example, Durkheim found that members of religions with strong prohibitions against suicide are less likely to commit suicide than are members of religious groups with weaker prohibitions. He also found a lower incidence of suicide among married persons than among persons who were single or divorced. Taken together, the findings of Durkheim’s study provided convincing evidence that social groups do indeed exert pressures that control or regulate the behavior of individuals, including deeply personal behaviors.Durkheim’s rigorous research methods captured the attention of sociologists around the world, and were perhaps even more important to the future development of sociology than any specific research results could be. Within a short time, his specific approach to formulating and testing social theory became a model that guided the work of nearly all sociologists. This assured Emile Durkheim a lasting place as one of the key figures in the history of sociology.1. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the selection?2. The writer’s main purpose in writing this selection is to（）.3. According to the selection, how do sociologists and psychologists differ?4. In comparing social groups to bronze, Durkheim wished to illustrate the idea that（）.5. Which of the following best defines the word model as it is used in the last paragraph of the selection?

With human footprints on the moon, radio telescopes listening for messages from alien creatures (who may or may not exist), technicians looking for celestial and planetary sources of energy to support our civilization, orbiting telescopes’ date hinting at planetary systems around other stars, and political groups trying to figure out how to save humanity from nude warfare that would damage life and climate on a planet-wide scale, an astronomy book published today enters a world different from the one that greeted books a generation ago. Astronomy has broadened to involve our basic circumstances and our mysterious future in the universe. With eclipses and space missions broadcast live, and with NASA, Europe, and the USSR planning and building permanent space stations, astronomy offers adventure for all people, an outward exploratory thrust that may one day be seen as an alternative to mindless consumerism, ideological bickering, and wars to control dwindling resources on a closed, finite Earth.Today’s astronomy students not only seek an up to-date summary of astronomical facts: they ask, as people have asked for ages, about our basic relations to the rest of the universe. They may study astronomy partly to seek points of contact between science and other human endeavors: philosophy, history, politics, environmental action, even the arts and religion.Science fiction writers and special effect artists on recent films help today’s students realize that unseen worlds of space are real places—not abstract concepts. Today’s students are citizens of a more real, more vast cosmos that conceptualized by students of a decade ago.In designing this edition, the Wadsworth editors and I have tried to respond to these developments. Rather than jumping at the start into murky waters of cosmology, I have begun with the viewpoint of ancient people on Earth and worked outward across the universe. This method of organization automatically (if loosely) reflects the order of humanity’s discoveries about astronomy and provides a unifying theme of increasing distance and scale.1. This passage is most probably taken from（）.2. The author’s main purpose in writing the first paragraph is（）.3. The author thinks that the growing interest in space exploration among people on Earth will probably lead to（）.4. The author believes that today’s astronomies students（）.5. In the last paragraph, the underlined expression “these developments” refers to all of the following EXCEPT（）.

There is nothing that man fears more than the touch of the unknown. He wants to see what is reaching towards him, and to be able to recognize or at least classify it. Man always tends to avoid physical contact with anything strange. Even in sleep, when he is far more unguarded, he can all too easily be disturbed by a touch.All the distances which men create round themselves are dictated by this fear. They shut themselves in houses which no one may enter, not only the fear of being robbed, but also the fear of a sudden and unexpected clutch out of the darkness. The fear of being touched remains with us when we go about among people; the way we move in a busy street, in restaurants, trains or buses, is governed by it. Even when we are standing next to them and are able to watch and examine them closely, we avoid actual contact if we can. If we do not avoid it, it is because we feel attracted to someone; and then it is we who make the approach.It is only in a crowd that man can become free of this fear of being touched. That is the only situation in which the fear changes into its opposite. The crowd he needs is the dense crowd, in which body is pressed to body; a crowd, too, whose physical constitution is also dense, or compact, so that he no longer notices who it is that presses against him. As soon as a man has surrendered himself to the crowd he ceases to fear its touch.Ideally all are equal there; no distinctions count, not even that of sex. The man pressed against him is the same as himself. He feels him as he feels himself. Suddenly it is as though everything were happening in one and the same body. This is perhaps one of the reasons why a crowd seeks to close in on itself: it wants to rid each individual as completely as possible of the fear of being touched. The more fiercely people press together, the more certain they feel that they do not fear each other. This reversal of the fear of being touched belongs to the nature of crowds. The feeling of relief is most striking where the density of the crowd is greatest.1. People fear burglars because（）.2. In public, according to the author, we（）.3. Which is the possible meaning of the phrase “make the approach” in Paragraph 3?4. The way we feel when in a crowd is presented as a(n) （）.5. Once formed, crowds always tend to（）.

The development of jazz can be seen as part of the larger continuum of American popular music, especially dance music. In the twenties, jazz became the hottest new thing in dance music, much as ragtime had at the turn of the century, and as would rhythm and blues in the fifties, rock in the fifties, and disco in the seventies. But two characteristics distinguish jazz from other dance music. The first is improvisation, the changing of a musical phrase according to the player’s inspiration. Like all artists, jazz musicians strive for an individual style, and the improvised or paraphrased is a jazz musician’s main opportunity to display his or her individuality. In early jazz, musicians often improvised melodies collectively, thus creating a kind of polyphony. There was little soloing as such, although some New Orleans players, particularly comet player Buddy Bolden, achieved local fame for their ability to improvise a solo. Later the idea of the chorus-long or multicourse solo took hold. Louis Armstrong’s instrumental brilliance, demonstrated through extended solos, was a major influence in this development.Even in the early twenties, however, some jazz bands had featured soloists. Similarly, show orchestras and carnival bands often included one or two such “get-off” musicians. Unimproved, completely structured jazz does exist, but the ability of the best jazz musicians to create music of great cohesion and beauty during performance has been a hallmark of the music and its major source of inspiration and change. The second distinguishing characteristic of jazz is a rhythmic drive that was initially called “hot” and later “swing”. In playing hot, a musician consciously departs from strict meter to create a relaxed sense of phrasing that also emphasizes the underlying rhythms. (“Rough” tone and use of moderate vibrato also contributed to a hot sound.) Not all jazz is hot, however, many early bands played unadorned published arrangements of popular songs. Still, the proclivity to play hot distinguished the jazz musician from other instrumentalists.1. The passage answers which of the following questions?2. According to the passage, jazz musicians are able to demonstrate their individual artistry mainly by?3. Which of the following was the function of “get-off” musicians?4. The word “unadorned” is closest in meaning to（）.5. The topic of the passage is developed primarily by means of（）.

For the past two years, I have been working on students’ evaluation of classroom teaching. I have kept a record of informal conversation（1）some 300 students from at（2）twenty-one colleges and universities. The students were generally（3）and direct in their comments（4）how course work would be better（5）. Most of their remarks were kindly（6）—with tolerance rather than bitterness—and frequently were softened by the（7）that the students were speaking（8）some, not all, instructors. Nevertheless,（9）the following suggestions and comments indicate, students feel（10）with things-as-they are in the classroom. Professors should be（11）from reading lecture notes. “It makes their（12）monotonous”.If they are going to read, why not（13）out copies of the lecture? Then we（14）need to go to class. Professors should（15）repeating in lectures material that is in the textbook. “（16）we’ve read the material, we want to（17）it or hear it elaborated on,（18）repeated” “A lot of students hate to buy a（19）text that the professor has written（20）to have his lectures repeat it.”

Whether you live to eat or eat to live, food is a major（）in every family’s budget.

The mother really took pride in her son, a（）artist who had already held several national exhibitions.

If you want to keep your job here, you will have to be（）of long working hours and low salary.

Due to rapid growth of population and long period of drought, some African countries often suffer from（）.

On many occasions, we tend to interpret the actions of children（）our own experience as an adult.

For shortage of food and water, the illegal immigrants（）down from 112 to 58.

Your letter arrived after the final date for application,（）we can’t consider you for this job.

The eastern part of Australia is（）in climate to that of the western part.

When Jack was 28, he（）the small bookshop and in five years developed it into six chain stores.

The farmer had to wear heavy boots in winter because the fields were so wet and（）.

Mr. Hopkins, who lost a leg in a car accident, had now been fitted with a (n) （）limb.

It’s up to you whether to buy that villa or not but my advice is, before your decision, you must have it（）.

Congress recognized the more money for better education and job training is（）to competitiveness.

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