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It’s not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, _1_, to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. _2_ one and the others become distorted.
Travel on a London bus and you’ll _3_ see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to _4_ that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are _5_. How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.
Why? Because the target is _6_. People complained that buses were late and infrequent. _7_, the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were _8_ or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they _9_ hit cyclists. If the target was changed to _10_, you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more _11_ drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.
There is another _12_: people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you _13_ that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a _14_ is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now ballad as a two-hour flight.
The _15_ of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well _16_ others. Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a _17_. Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.
This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria _18_ critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to _19_ just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better _20_ the objective.

问题1选项
A.therefore
B.again
C.moreover
D.however
问题2选项
A.Identify
B.Assess
C.Emphasize
D.Explain
问题3选项
A.curiously
B.quickly
C.eagerly
D.nearly
问题4选项
A.check
B.prove
C.recall
D.claim
问题5选项
A.threatened
B.mocked
C.ignored
D.blamed
问题6选项
A.hospitality
B.competition
C.punctuality
D.innovation
问题7选项
A.Yet
B.Besides
C.Still
D.So
问题8选项
A.rewarded
B.trained
C.grouped
D.hired
问题9选项
A.rather
B.also
C.once
D.only
问题10选项
A.comfort
B.efficiency
C.security
D.revenue
问题11选项
A.cautious
B.quiet
C.diligent
D.friendly
问题12选项
A.purpose
B.prejudice
C.policy
D.problem
问题13选项
A.revealed
B.noticed
C.admitted
D.reported
问题14选项
A.break
B.departure
C.transfer
D.trip
问题15选项
A.moral
B.background
C.style
D.form
问题16选项
A.sacrifice
B.criticize
C.tolerate
D.interpret
问题17选项
A.secret
B.cost
C.product
D.task
问题18选项
A.relating to
B.calling for
C.accounting for
D.leading to
问题19选项
A.predict
B.restore
C.specify
D.create
问题20选项
A.review
B.achieve
C.present
D.modify
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