Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “good and services” than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange a tall, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
1. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ______.
2. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph 1) implies that ______.
3. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ______.
4. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ______.
5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
问题1选项
A.posing a contrast
B.justifying an assumption
C.making a comparison
D.explaining a phenomenon
问题2选项
A.monkeys are also outraged by slacking rivals
B.resenting unfairness is also monkey’s nature
C.monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other
D.no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions
问题3选项
A.more inclined to weigh what they get
B.attentive to researchers’ instructions
C.nice in both appearance and temperament
D.more generous than their male companions
问题4选项
A.prefer grapes to cucumbers
B.can be taught to exchange things
C.will not be co-operative if feeling cheated
D.are unhappy when separated from others
问题5选项
A.Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
B.Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
C.Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
D.Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the world.
第1题:C
第2题:B
第3题:A
第4题:C
第5题:B
第1题:
【选项释义】
In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by _____. 在开头段,作者通过_____,介绍了他的主题。
A. posing a contrast A. 提出了一个对比
B. justifying an assumption B. 证明一个假设的正确性
C. making a comparison C. 进行比较
D. explaining a phenomenon D. 解释一个现象
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】文章第一段讲人会因为不公平而愤怒,接着提出问题动物是否也会如此,有人认为不会,但是科学研究表明猴子同样会。这是第一段的关键句,即作者要讨论的主题,通过比较人类和动物引出后文的阐述。因此C选项“做出比较”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项表示相反或不同,而文章说的是猴子与人类似,属于曲解原文;
B选项,原文提出的假定是人与猴不一样,接着被推翻了,所以这个假设是不对的,属于曲解原文;
D选项不能够将开头和主题的内在联系结合起来,属于曲解原文。
第2题:
【选项释义】
The statement “it is all too monkey” implies that _____. “这太猴子化了”这句话暗示了_____。
A. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals A. 猴子也会对懈怠的对手感到愤慨
B. resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature B. 怨恨不公平也是猴子的天性
C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other C. 猴子和人类一样,都有互相嫉妒的倾向
D. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions D. 除猴子外,没有其他动物能产生这种情绪
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】由题干关键词it is all too monkey可以定位到文章第一段最后一句:But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.(但是乔治亚州亚特兰大市埃默里大学的莎拉·布鲁斯南和法兰斯·德瓦尔在《自然》杂志上发表的一项研究表明,这太猴子化了。),和前文的“all too human”相对应,“all too human”表示人之常情,那么“all too monkey”就表示这符合猴子的本性。因此B选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项,原文只是说人会被懒散的竞争对手激怒,没有说动物也会,属于过度推断;
C选项,原文只表达了猴子也会痛恨不公平,没有将猴子和人进行比较,属于曲解原文;
D选项,表述过于绝对,原文没有说其他动物的情况,属于过度推断。
第3题:
【选项释义】
Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are _____. 选择雌性卷尾猴进行研究,很可能是因为它们_____。
A. more inclined to weigh what they get A. 更倾向于权衡它们得到的东西
B. attentive to researchers’ instructions B. 对研究人员的指示很专心
C. nice in both appearance and temperament C. 外表和气质都很好
D. more generous than their male companions D. 比它们的雄性同伴更慷慨
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】由题干可以定位到文章第二段第五句:Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study.(这些特征使它们成为布鲁斯南博士和德瓦尔博士研究的理想对象。),说明母卷尾猴最有可能被选为研究对象的原因是前文中的They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “good and services” than males.(它们看起来很可爱。是友好、愿意合作的动物,它们慢悠悠地分享食物。最重要的是,和人类女性一样,它们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”的价值。),此处“更加关注商品和服务”其实就是“权衡它们获得的东西”的意思,而且这是首要因素。因此A选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
B、C选项符合原文,但不是最主要的原因,属于出处错位;
D选项在文中没有提及,属于无中生有。
第4题:
【选项释义】
Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys _____. 布鲁斯南博士和德瓦尔博士在研究中最终发现,猴子_____。
A. prefer grapes to cucumbers A. 喜欢葡萄而不是黄瓜
B. can be taught to exchange things B. 可以被教会交换东西
C. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated C. 如果感到被欺骗,就不会进行合作
D. are unhappy when separated from others D. 与他人分离时不高兴
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】由题干可以定位到文章最后一段第三句:Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.(只有当每只动物都觉得自己没有被欺骗时,这种合作才可能稳定。),说明研究的结论是猴子如果感觉被欺骗,就不会合作。因此C选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B选项都是事实而不是结论,属于张冠李戴;
D选项在文中没有提及,属于无中生有。
第5题:
【选项释义】
What can we infer from the last paragraph? 从最后一段我们可以推断出什么?
A. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. A. 猴子可以被训练来发展社会情感。
B. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. B. 人类的愤慨是由不确定的来源演变而来的。
C. Animals usually show their feelings openly as human do. C. 动物通常像人类一样公开地表达自己的感情。
D. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. D. 猴子之间的合作只有在野外才能保持稳定。
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】由B选项关键词evolved可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.(然而,到底这样的公平意识是人类和卷尾猴各自形成的,还是因为二者在3500万年前有一个共同的祖先造成的,目前还没有答案。),说明人类公平意识的起源还不确定。因此B选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项,由原文最后一段第一句:The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions.(研究表明,卷尾猴和人类一样,受着社会情感的支配。)可知,猴子受到社会情感的引导,而不是通过训练培养出社会情感,属于曲解原文;
C选项,由原文最后一段第四句:Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone.(义愤似乎并不是人类的专利。)可知,原文只表示了“义愤非人类专有”,没有说动物也公开表达自己的情感,属于过度推断;
D选项,由原文最后一段第三句:Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.(只有当每只动物都觉得自己没有被欺骗时,这种合作才可能稳定。)可知,不是只有在野生状态下猴子的合作才稳定,而是只有在猴子没有被骗的时候它们才有可能稳定,属于曲解原文。