According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a distant respect.
1.What does the passage mainly discuss?
2.The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT ___.
3.What can be inferred from the second paragraph about “natural leaders”?
4.Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from Paragraph 2?
5.Paragraphs 3 and 4 organize the discussion of leadership primarily in term of ___.
问题1选项
A.The problems faced by leaders.
B.How leadership differs in small and large groups.
C.How social groups determine who will lead them.
D.The role of leaders in social groups.
问题2选项
A.recruitment
B.formal election process
C.specific leadership training
D.traditional cultural patterns
问题3选项
A.Few people qualify as “natural leaders”.
B.There is no proof that “natural leaders” exist.
C.“Natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of a social group.
D.“Natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics.
问题4选项
A.A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.
B.Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
C.A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
D.Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
问题5选项
A.examples that illustrate a problem
B.cause and effect analysis
C.narration of events
D.comparison and contrast
第1题:D
第2题:C
第3题:B
第4题:A
第5题:D
1.主旨大意题。文章第一段提出有几种不同的方法可以使人成为某个社会群体公认的领导者,第二段只要具有适合某个特别群体所需要的品质,几乎任何人都可以成为其领导,第三段表明不同的人会充当两种不同的领导角色,最后一段说明不同类型的领导角色发挥的不同作用。本篇主要讨论不同的领导者——例如instrumental leaders以及expressive leaders——在不同的社会群体中所充当的角色和发挥的功能。选D选项“领导在社会群体中的作用”;A选项“领导者面临的问题”,B选项“领导能力在小群体和大群体中的区别”以及C选项“社会群体如何决定谁将领导他们”不符合原文主旨。因此D选项正确。
2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents…In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.(在家庭中,传统的文化模式赋予父母一方或双方领导地位……在较大的群体中,领导人通常是通过选举或招聘正式选出的)可知A选项“招聘”,B选项“正式选举程序”以及D选项“传统文化模式”符合原文;C选项“具体的领导力培训”原文未提及。因此C选项符合题意。
3.推理判断题。根据题干关键词“natural leaders”定位到第二段decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.(数十年的研究未能找出可靠的证据来证明那些人是“天生的领导者”。看起来似乎没有所有的领导都具有的固定的个人品格;相反,只要具有适合某个特别群体所需要的品质,几乎任何人都可以成为其领导)可知选B选项“没有证据表明‘天生的领导者’存在”;A选项“很少有人称得上是‘天生的领导者’”,C选项“‘天生的领导者’很容易被一个社会群体的成员所接受”未在第二段提及;D选项“‘天生的领导者’有一组相似的特征”和原文相悖。因此B选项正确。
4.推理判断题。根据题干定位到第二段It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.(看起来似乎没有所有的领导都具有的固定的个人品格;相反,只要具有适合某个特别群体所需要的品质,几乎任何人都可以成为其领导)可知适合某个特别群体所需要的品质的领导不一定会适合另外某个群体,选A选项“看起来似乎没有所有的领导都具有的固定的个人品格;相反,只要具有适合某个特别群体所需要的品质,几乎任何人都可以成为其领导”;B选项“很少有人成功地与他人分享领导角色”,C选项“一个人可以通过研究领导力最好地学习如何成为一个有效的领导者”以及D选项“大多数人都想成为领导,但很少能拿出证据证明他们的资格”未在第二段提及。因此A选项正确。
5.推理判断题。根据题干定位到第三段there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group…Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member.(通常情况下,不同的个体拥有两种不同的领导角色。工具性领导是一种强调社会群体完成任务的领导方式……另一方面,表现型领导强调社会群体成员的集体福祉)以及第四段Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members…Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group…As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a distant respect.(工具型领导者与其他群体成员的关系可能是次要的……表现型领导者会与团队中的其他人建立一种更私人或更重要的关系……正如这两种不同角色所表明的那样:表现型领导一般会从群体成员那里获得更多的个人感情;而指导型领导,如果他们能成功地实现群体的目标,可能会获得更广泛的尊重)可知这两段是通过对比来表达不同群体会拥有两种不同的领导角色,选D选项“对比”;A选项“举例说明一个问题”,B选项“原因和影响分析”以及C选项“事件的叙述”都不符合原文。因此D选项正确。