In order to explain the socioeconomic achievement, in the face of disadvantages due to racial discrimination of Chinese and Japanese immigrants to the United States and their descendants, sociologists have typically applied either culturally based or structurally based theories—but never both together. To use an economic metaphor, culturally based explanations assert the importance of the supply side of the labor market, emphasizing the qualities immigrant groups bring with them for competition in the United States labor market. Such explanations reflect a human-capital perspective in which status attainment is seen as a result of individuals’ ability to generate resources. Structurally based explanations, on the other hand, examine the market condition of the immigrants’ host society, particularly its discriminatory practices and their impact on the status attainment process of immigrant groups. In the economic metaphor, structural explanations assert the importance of the demand side of the labor market.
In order to understand the socioeconomic mobility of Chinese and Japanese immigrants and their descendants, only an analysis of supply-side and demand-side factors together, in the context of historical events, will suffice. On the cultural or supply side, differences in immigration pattern and family formation resulted in different rates of socioeconomic achievement for Chinese and Japanese immigrants. For various reasons, Chinese immigrants remained sojourners and did not (except for urban merchants) establish families. They were also hampered by ethnic conflict in the labor market. Japanese immigrants, on the other hand, were less constrained, made the transition from sojourner to settler within the first two decades of immigration, and left low-wage labor to establish small businesses based on a household mode of production. Chinese sojourners without families were more vulnerable to demoralization, whereas Japanese immigrants faced societal hostility with the emotional resources provided by a stable family life. Once Chinese immigrants began to establish nuclear families and produce a second generation, instituting household production similar to that established by Japanese immigrants, their socioeconomic attainment soon paralleled that of Japanese immigrants and their descendants.
On the structural or demand side, changes in institutional constraints, immigration laws, labor markets, and societal hostility were rooted in the dynamics of capitalist economic development. Early capitalist development generated a demand for low-wage labor that could not be fulfilled. Early Chinese and Japanese immigration was a response to this demand. In an advanced capitalist economy, the demand for immigrant labor is more differentiated: skilled professional and technical labor fills empty positions in the primary labor market and, with the traditional unskilled low-wage labor, creates two immigrant steams. The high levels of education attained by the descendants of Chinese and Japanese immigrants and their concentration in strategic states such as California paved the way for the movement of the second generation into the expanding primary labor market in the advanced capitalist economy that existed after the Second World War.
56. Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
57. The author is primarily concerned with ______.
58. Which one of the following can best be described as a supply-side element in the labor market, as such elements are explained in the passage?
59. It can be inferred that which one of the following was an element of the experience of both Chinese and Japanese immigrants in the United States?
60. It can be inferred that the author’s analysis of the socioeconomic achievement of Chinese and Japanese immigrants and their descendants differs from that of most sociologists primarily in that most sociologists ______.
问题1选项
A.Only an analysis that combines an examination of the culture of Chinese and Japanese immigrant groups and the socioeconomic structure of the host country can adequately explain the socioeconomic achievement of Chinese and Japanese immigrants and their descendants.
B.The socioeconomic achievement of Chinese and Japanese immigrants and their descendants has taken place in the context of a culturally based emphasis on the economic welfare of the nuclear family.
C.The socioeconomic achievement of Chinese and Japanese immigrants and their descendants is best explained by an examination of their cultural backgrounds, in particular their level of educational attainment.
D.Only the market structure of the capitalist economy of the United States in which supply has historically been regulated by demand can account for the socioeconomic achievement of Chinese and Japanese immigrants and their descendants.
问题2选项
A.resolving the differences between schools of thought
B.challenging a tentative answer to a question
C.advancing a synthesis of approaches to an issue
D.outlining the achievements of a group
问题3选项
A.Development of an advanced capitalist economy.
B.High value placed by immigrants on work.
C.Concentration of small businesses in a given geographical area.
D.Need for workers with varying degrees of skill.
问题4选项
A.Slow accumulation of capital.
B.Rapid establishment of nuclear families.
C.Rapid acquisition of technical skills.
D.Initial status as sojourners.
问题5选项
A.emphasize the disadvantageous effects of racial discrimination
B.focus on a single type of theoretical explanation
C.address the effects of the interaction of causal factors
D.exclude the factor of a developing capitalist economy
第1题:A
第2题:C
第3题:B
第4题:D
第5题:B
第1题:
主旨大意题。题干意思是“下列哪个选项最好地表达了这篇文章的主要思想？”。文章主要讲的是中日移民及其后代的社会经济成就。文章第二段首句提到In order to understand the socioeconomic mobility of Chinese and Japanese immigrants and their descendants, only an analysis of supply-side and demand-side factors together, in the context of historical events, will suffice.（要了解中日移民及其后代的社会经济流动性，在历史事件的背景下，只有将供给侧和需求侧因素结合起来分析才足够。），由此可知，为了了解中国和日本移民者以及他们后裔的社会经济流动性，只要做出一个在历史事件的背景下的供应方和需求方的因素分析就足够了；故A项“只有结合考察中国和日本移民群体的文化和东道国的社会经济结构的分析，才能充分解释中国和日本移民及其后代的社会经济成就”正确。B项“中国和日本移民及其后代的社会经济成就，是在强调核心家庭经济福利的文化背景下取得的”，第二段最后一句提到Once Chinese immigrants began to establish nuclear families and produce a second generation, instituting household production similar to that established by Japanese immigrants, their socioeconomic attainment soon paralleled that of Japanese immigrants and their descendants.（一旦中国移民开始建立核心家庭并产生了第二代，建立了与日本移民相似的家庭生产，他们的社会经济成就很快与日本移民及其后代并立。），由此可知在文化背景下，中日移民的社会经济成就是由于建立了家庭生产，但这只是供给侧方面的因素，另外还有需求侧方面的因素，所以B项不正确。C项“对中国和日本移民及其后代的社会经济成就，最好的解释是考察他们的文化背景，特别是他们的教育程度”，文化背景只是供给侧的一部分因素，只在文章第二段出现，因此C选项太片面。D项“只有美国资本主义经济的市场结构，在历史上供给是由需求调节的，才能解释中国和日本移民及其后代的社会经济成就”，这里进行的是需求侧方面的分析，只在文章第三段出现，D项也很片面。因此该题选A。
第2题:
推理判断题。题干意思是“作者主要关心的是什么？”。文章开篇指出In order to explain the socioeconomic achievement, in the face of disadvantages due to racial discrimination of Chinese and Japanese immigrants to the United States and their descendants, sociologists have typically applied either culturally based or structurally based theories—but never both together.（为了解释这一社会经济成就，面对华裔和日本移民及其后代因种族歧视而产生的劣势，社会学家通常采用基于文化或基于结构的理论，但从未将两者结合起来。），由此可知以往的两种分析方法都是分开使用的，从未被结合在一起来解释移民问题。接着作者在第二段第一句提到only an analysis of supply-side and demand-side factors together, in the context of historical events, will suffice. （只有将供给侧和需求侧因素结合起来分析才足够），由此可知C项“推动综合解决问题的方法”符合。A项“解决思想流派之间的分歧”，文中并未提及分歧。B项“对一个问题的试探性答案提出挑战”，文章作者通篇概述了影响中日移民社会经济成就的因素，没有提到挑战。D项“概述一个小组的成就”太笼统。因此该题选C。
第3题:
细节事实题。题干意思是“以下哪一个可以最好地被描述为劳动力市场中的供给侧要素，因为这些要素在文章中被解释为什么？”。文章第一段指出To use an economic metaphor, culturally based explanations assert the importance of the supply side of the labor market, emphasizing the qualities immigrant groups bring with them for competition in the United States labor market. Such explanations reflect a human-capital perspective in which status attainment is seen as a result of individuals’ ability to generate resources.（用一个经济学的比喻，基于文化的解释强调了劳动力市场供给面的重要性，强调了移民群体在美国劳动力市场竞争中所带来的素质。这种解释反映了一种人力资本的观点，在这种观点中，地位的获得被视为个人产生资源能力的结果。），由此可知劳动力市场中的供给侧要素是移民群体在劳动中所表现出来的素质和对工作的重视；故B项“移民对工作的重视”正确。A项“发达资本主义经济的发展”，最后一段第四句有提到In an advanced capitalist economy, the demand for immigrant labor is more differentiated （在发达的资本主义经济中，对移民劳动力的需求更加分化），可知A项是需求侧要素的内容，与题干不符。C项“小企业集中在一个特定的地理区域”和D项“对具有不同技能的工人的需求”文章未提及。因此该题选B。
第4题:
推理判断题。题干意思是“可以推断，下列哪一项是中国和日本移民在美国的经历的一个要素？”。文章第二段第三句For various reasons, Chinese immigrants remained sojourners and did not (except for urban merchants) establish families.（由于种种原因，中国移民仍然是寄居者，没有成家，城市商人除外）和第五句 Japanese immigrants, on the other hand, were less constrained, made the transition from sojourner to settler within the first two decades of immigration.（另一方面，日本移民受到的限制较少，在移民的头20年里，他们从旅居者过渡到定居者）可知中国移民和日本移民在美国必须经历的是作为一个旅居者的地位生存，故D项“作为旅居者的初始地位”正确。第二段最后一句提到Once Chinese immigrants began to establish nuclear families and produce a second generation, instituting household production similar to that established by Japanese immigrants, their socioeconomic attainment soon paralleled that of Japanese immigrants and their descendants.（一旦中国移民开始建立核心家庭并产生了第二代，建立了与日本移民相似的家庭生产，他们的社会经济成就很快与日本移民及其后代并立。），由此可知中国和日本移民在美国要想在社会经济上有所成就，最好的办法就是建立核心家庭，但是核心家庭的建立是社会经济成就的原因之一，不是中日移民在美国要经历的一个要素，因此B项“核心家庭的快速建立”不正确。A项“资本的缓慢积累”文中未提到；C项“技术技能的快速掌握”， 最后一段第四句提到skilled professional and technical labor fills empty positions in the primary labor market and, with the traditional unskilled low-wage labor, creates two immigrant steams.（熟练的专业劳动力和技术劳动力填补了初级劳动力市场的空缺，与传统的低工资的非熟练劳动力一起，形成了两股移民大军），由此可知，劳动市场分为熟练的专业劳动力与技术劳动力和非熟练劳动力，所以C项不正确。因此该题选D。
第5题:
推理判断题。题干意思是“可以推断，作者对中日移民及其后代的社会经济成就的分析，与大多数社会学家的分析不同，主要在于大多数社会学家的分析……”。由文章第一句In order to explain the socioeconomic achievement, in the face of disadvantages due to racial discrimination of Chinese and Japanese immigrants to the United States and their descendants, sociologists have typically applied either culturally based or structurally based theories—but never both together.（为了解释这一社会经济成就，面对华裔和日本移民及其后代因种族歧视而产生的劣势，社会学家通常采用基于文化或基于结构的理论，但从未将两者结合起来。）可知，社会学家是只通过文化或者结构的原因来分析的，因此B项“专注于单一类型的理论解释”符合题意。A项“强调种族歧视的不利影响”，第一段倒数第二句提到Structurally based explanations, on the other hand, examine the market condition of the immigrants’ host society, particularly its discriminatory practices and their impact on the status attainment process of immigrant groups.（另一方面，基于结构的解释审查了移民东道国社会的市场条件，特别是其歧视性做法及其对移民群体获得地位过程的影响。），由这句可知，强调种族歧视的不利影响只是指这些基于结构来分析社会经济成就的社会学家们，这只是其中一部分，所以A选项太片面。C项“处理因果因素相互作用的影响”和D项“排除资本主义经济发展的因素”在文中，作者都未提到这两项与社会学家有关。因此该题选B。
