The two most obvious changes in American economy are the emergence of a highly sophisticated technology and the rise of giant corporations. In addition, market forces have lost some of their significance as planning has become more important. The government has assumed a greatly changed role in the economy. Property relationships and decision-making power have shifted. The demand for highly educated specialists has increased enormously.
We may think of the American economy, as consisting of two completely different sectors. The world of the giant corporations, which can be called the “industrial system”, consists of 500 or 600 firms that provide “nearly all communications, nearly all production and distribution of electric power, much transportation, most manufacturing and mining, a substantial share of retail trade, and a considerable amount of entertainment”. Outside of this industrial system fall most agricultural enterprises, some mining and trucking, professional and artistic pursuits, some retail trade, and most personal and domestic services.
The classical economic laws of supply and demand still apply to some degree. But today the industrial sector is characterized far more by planning and certainty than by the free play of market forces. It appears that it could scarcely be otherwise. In large corporations with advanced technological systems and complex organizations of highly trained specialists, plans for producing any one item are made well in advance. Such plans, once made, are hard to change. Because long-term planning demands certainty, market forces are avoided by various means. For example, the corporation may achieve “vertical integration” by buying companies that supply raw materials at one end of the process and distribution outlets at the other. Corporations may agree on “just prices” for things they buy and sell. They may enter mutually advantageous long-term contracts with suppliers and customers. Moreover, in their quest for certainty they generally have the support of the state.
1. The American giant corporations possess so many new characteristics that ______.
2. By the second paragraph, we know that ______.
3. From the whole passage, we can infer that American economy ______.
4. In the third sentence of last paragraph, the second “it” may refer to ______.
5. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?
问题1选项
A.highly educated managers are important for the corporations
B.giant corporations become decentralized
C.economic laws of the market are effective inside corporations
D.heads of the giant corporations try to control the government
问题2选项
A.retail trade accounts for a big part in non-industrial system
B.there are more giant corporations than agricultural enterprises
C.giant corporations control every part of American economy
D.giant corporations provide most of productions and services
问题3选项
A.is experiencing the rise of giant corporations
B.is determined by hundreds of giant corporations
C.has failed to balance supply and demand
D.becomes highly-planned one
问题4选项
A.classic economic law of supply and demand
B.industrial sector
C.American economy
D.market force
问题5选项
A.American economy is characterized by high technology and giant corporations.
B.American economy consists of industrial systems and agricultural enterprises.
C.Market economy is gradually replaced by planned economy.
D.Highly trained specialists are needed.
第1题:A
第2题:D
第3题:B
第4题:C
第5题:C
第1题:
【选项释义】
The American giant corporations possess so many new characteristics that ______. 美国的巨型企业拥有如此多的新特点以至于______。
A. highly educated managers are important for the corporations A. 受过高等教育的管理人员对企业很重要
B. giant corporations become decentralized B. 巨型企业变得分权化
C. economic laws of the market are effective inside corporations C. 市场经济规律在企业内部有效
D. heads of the giant corporations try to control the government D. 巨型企业的负责人试图控制政府
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据文章第一段最后一句“The demand for highly educated specialists has increased enormously.（对受过高等教育的专家的需求大大增加了。）”，结合第一段全段内容可知，美国巨型企业的新特点致使对受过高等教育的专家需求增加，这类人对企业很重要。因此A选项“受过高等教育的管理人员对企业很重要”正确。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“巨型企业变得分权化”、C选项“市场经济规律在企业内部有效”和D选项“巨型企业的负责人试图控制政府”，文中均没有提及，属于无中生有。
第2题:
【选项释义】
By the second paragraph, we know that ______. 通过第二段，我们知道______。
A. retail trade accounts for a big part in non-industrial system A. 零售业在非工业体系中占很大比重
B. there are more giant corporations than agricultural enterprises B. 巨型企业比农业企业还多
C. giant corporations control every part of American economy C. 巨型企业控制着美国经济的方方面面
D. giant corporations provide most of productions and services D. 巨型企业提供大部分产品和服务
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据文章第二段第二句“The world of the giant corporations, which can be called the ‘industrial system’, consists of 500 or 600 firms that provide ‘nearly all communications, nearly all production and distribution of electric power, much transportation, most manufacturing and mining, a substantial share of retail trade, and a considerable amount of entertainment’.（巨型企业的世界可以被称为‘工业体系’，由500或600家提供‘几乎所有的通讯、电力生产和分配，大部分的运输，大多数制造业和采矿业，相当大份额的零售贸易和相当数量的娱乐’的公司组成。）”可知，大部分的生产和服务是由巨型企业提供的。因此D选项“巨型企业提供大部分产品和服务”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“零售业在非工业体系中占很大比重”，根据第二段最后一句“Outside of this industrial system fall most agricultural enterprises…some retail trade, and most personal and domestic services.（在这个工业系统之外，有大多数农业企业……一些零售贸易，以及大多数个人和家庭服务。）”可知，文中提到了非工业体系中有零售业，但并没有提到零售业在非工业体系中占了很大比重，属于无中生有；
B选项“巨型企业比农业企业还多”，原文没有比较两者数量的多少，属于无中生有；
C选项“巨型企业控制着美国经济的方方面面”，美国经济由两部分组成，除了巨型企业还有非工业体系部分，巨型企业不能控制美国经济的每一个部分，属于曲解原文。
第3题:
【选项释义】
From the whole passage, we can infer that American economy ______. 从整篇文章中，我们可以推断美国经济______。
A. is experiencing the rise of giant corporations A. 正在经历巨型企业的崛起
B. is determined by hundreds of giant corporations B. 由数以百计的巨型公司决定
C. has failed to balance supply and demand C. 未能平衡供给和需求
D. becomes highly-planned one D. 成为高度计划化的经济
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】文章第一段说到美国经济的变化之一是巨型企业的崛起，接着第二段介绍了巨型企业提供的生产和服务，最后第三段说到巨型企业的计划性和确定性，可以推断出美国经济是由许多巨型公司决定的。因此B选项“由数以百计的巨型公司决定”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“正在经历巨型企业的崛起”，文中说的是巨型企业已经崛起了，并非正在经历其崛起，属于曲解原文；
C选项“未能平衡供给和需求”和D选项“成为高度计划化的经济”，文中均没有提及，属于无中生有。
第4题:
【选项释义】
In the third sentence of last paragraph, the second “it” may refer to ______. 在最后一段的第三句中，第二个“it”可能是指______。
A. classic economic law of supply and demand A. 经典的经济供求规律
B. industrial sector B. 工业部门
C. American economy C. 美国经济
D. market force D. 市场力量
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干可以定位到文章第三段第三句“It appears that it could scarcely be otherwise.（看来不可能有别的情况了。）”，结合其前一句“today the industrial sector is characterized far more by planning and certainty than by the free play of market forces（如今，工业部门的特点更多地是计划性和确定性，而不是市场力量的自由发挥）”和后两句“In large corporations…plans for producing any one item are made well in advance. Such plans, once made, are hard to change.（在大企业里……任何一种产品的生产计划都是提前制定好的。这样的计划一旦制定，就很难改变。）”可知，这里一直在探讨美国经济中的计划性。因此C选项“美国经济”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“经典的经济供求规律”、B选项“工业部门”和D选项“市场力量”，文中均有提及，但不属于该词所指的内容，属于出处错误。
第5题:
【选项释义】
Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage? 下列哪项在文章中没有提到?
A. American economy is characterized by high technology and giant corporations. A. 美国经济的特点是高科技和巨型企业。
B. American economy consists of industrial systems and agricultural enterprises. B. 美国经济由工业系统和农业企业组成。
C. Market economy is gradually replaced by planned economy. C. 市场经济逐渐被计划经济所取代。
D. Highly trained specialists are needed. D. 需要训练有素的专家。
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据文章第一段第一句“The two most obvious changes in American economy are the emergence of a highly sophisticated technology and the rise of giant corporations.（美国经济中两个最明显的变化是高度尖端技术的出现和巨型企业的崛起。）”，由此可知，A选项“美国经济的特点是高科技和巨型企业。”在文中有提到；根据文章第二段“We may think of the American economy, as consisting of two completely different sectors. The world of the giant corporations…Outside of this industrial system fall most agricultural enterprises（我们可以认为美国经济是由两个完全不同的部门组成的。巨型企业的世界……在这个工业系统之外的是大多数农业企业）”可知，B选项“美国经济由工业系统和农业企业组成。”在文中有提到；根据第一段最后一句“The demand for highly educated specialists has increased enormously.（对受过高等教育的专家的需求大大增加了。）”可知，D选项“需要训练有素的专家。”在文中有提到；C选项“市场经济逐渐被计划经济所取代”，原文只说了美国经济中存在计划性，且十分重要，并没有说计划经济取代了市场经济，属于无中生有。因此C选项符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A选项、B选项和D选项在文中均有提及，属于反向干扰。
