试题出自试卷《国防科学技术大学2018年考博英语真题》

It’s a brand new world—a world built around brands. Hard charging, noise making, culture shaping brands are everywhere. They’re on supermarket shelves, of course, but also in business plans for dotcom startups and in the names of sports complexes. Brands are infiltrating people’s everyday lives—by sticking their logos on clothes, in concert programs, on subway station wall, even in elementary school classrooms.
We live in an age in which CBS newscasters wear Nike jackets on the air, in which Burger King and McDonald’s open kiosks in elementary-school lunchrooms, in which schools like Stanford University are endowed with a Yahoo! Founders Chair. But as brands reach (and then overreach) into every aspect of our lives, the companies behind them invite more questions, deeper scrutiny—and an inevitable backlash by consumers.
“Our intellectual lives and our public spaces are being taken over by marketing—and that has real implications for citizenship, says author and activist Naomi Klein. “It’s important for any healthy culture to have public space—a place where people are treated as citizens instead of as consumers. We’ve completely lost that space.”
Since the mid-1980s, as more and more companies have shifted from being about products to being about ideas—Starbucks isn’t sling coffee; it’s selling community!—those companies have poured more and more resources into marketing campaigns.
To pay for those campaigns, those same companies figured out ways to cut costs elsewhere—for example, by using contract labor at home and low-wage labor in developing countries. Contract laborers are hired on a temporary, per-assignment basis, and employers have no obligation to provide (any benefits, such as health insurance) or long-term job security. This saves companies money but obviously puts workers in vulnerable situations. In the United States, contract labor has given rise to so-called McJobs, which employers and workers alike pretend are temporary—even though these jobs are usually held by adults who are trying to support families.
The massive expansion of marketing campaigns in the 1980s coincided with the reduction of government spending for schools and for museums. This made those institutions much too willing, even eager, to partner with private companies. But companies took advantage of the needs of those institutions, reaching too far, and overwhelming the civic space with their marketing agendas.
46. What does the passage intend to tell us?
47. Which of the following does the author state as a factor in the increasing presence of brands in peoples’ lives?
48. The text suggests that most contract laborers in the U.S. ______.
49. We may infer from the last paragraph that ______.