A sense of smell is something we are born with. Or is it?
Until recently scientists believed that the commonsense view was wrong: research had suggested that we learn to distinguish between pleasant and unpleasant smells by experience. From early experiments that involved asking children between three and five years old what they thought of certain smells, researchers concluded that children must learn their appreciation of pleasant and unpleasant smells as they get older, rather than being born with it. One of the most surprising results of these tests was that the children said they liked the smell of faeces nearly as often as they said they liked banana.
Psychologist Hilary Schmidt understandably found this research hard to accept. She looked at the way the tests were conducted, and applied lessons from other work on child psychology to design her own experiments. She noted that children younger than five will often answer ‘Yes’ to leading questions even if the answers are contradictory. She therefore decided to set her experiment up as a game. She asked the children if they would give a particular smelly thing to Oscar the Grouch, a popular television character who lives in a dustbin and likes ‘smelly’ things, or to Big Bird, another television character who likes ‘nice’ things. She found that the children distinguished between pleasant and unpleasant smells in much the same way as an adult. With the help of younger and younger subjects, she hopes to shed light on the importance of the inherited component of the sense.
Children younger than seven or eight are notoriously bad at recognizing what an object is from its shape alone. Schmidt points to an experiment she has carried out with children under five who were given a large styrofoam ball and a small, but heavy, lead ball to compare. After they had a chance to feel the two, she took the balls away, and showed them another pair of Styrofoam and lead ball. When she asked them which of the two would be the heavier, they invariably pointed to the Styrofoam ball just because it was bigger. Despite their earlier experience, they had not grasped the idea of what an object is made of—its substance—as well as size and shape. But in other experiments when she introduced odors, she found that children under five understood that smell was an important characteristic of substance, and children could use a scent to recognize substance irrespective of the shape or size in which it was presented to them.
Schmidt has also found that girls are more sensitive to smell than boys. The sex difference is well known in adults, but not in children. Explaining the difference in adults has centered on the suggestion that as girls get older, they tend to take part in activities such as cooking, which train them to distinguish between smells. Another suggestion was that after puberty, female hormones bring about some change in the olfactory equipment. But Schmidt’s observations that the sex difference exists in children does not fit in with either explanation.
31. According to the text, it is well-known that our sense of smell is ______.
32. Which would Hilary Schmidt most probably agree to?
33. Schmidt’s styrofoam and lead ball experiment shows that younger children ______.
34. The word “subjects” (Para. 3) most probably means ______.
35. From the last sentence of the text, we can infer that Schmidt may ______.
问题1选项
A.acquired
B.trained
C.inherent
D.tested
问题2选项
A.The contradictory answers of children are hard to understand.
B.Children in a game have a quicker response to prompting questions.
C.Younger children have a stronger sense of smell than older ones.
D.In experiments children’s answers may sometimes be unreliable.
问题3选项
A.rely on earlier experiences in judging an object
B.are insensitive to size, weight and shape
C.cannot recognize the size of styrofoam balls
D.can understand what the ball is made of
问题4选项
A.pupils
B.adults
C.children
D.researchers
问题5选项
A.overthrow the existing theories concerning the sex difference in smelling
B.support the second explanation that hormones play a role
C.think that mature girls are less sensitive to smells than children
D.agree that children’s sensitivity to smell is nurtured
第1题:A
第2题:D
第3题:B
第4题:C
第5题:A
31.【选项释义】
31. According to the text, it is well-known that our sense of smell is ______. 31. 根据文章,众所周知,我们的嗅觉是______。
A. acquired A. 后天习得的
B. trained B. 训练出来的
C. inherent C. 与生俱来的
D. tested D. 被测试的
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“研究表明,我们通过经验(by experience)学会区分令人愉悦的和令人不快的气味”,从中我们可知,嗅觉是后天通过经验获得的。所以,A项正确。
【干扰项排除】
B选项没有提到,属于无中生有;
C选项与文章相反,属于反向干扰;
D选项只是实验内容,属于出处错位。
32.【选项释义】
32. Which would Hilary Schmidt most probably agree to? 32. 希拉里•施密特最有可能同意哪一个?
A. The contradictory answers of children are hard to understand. A. 孩子们相互矛盾的回答让人难以理解。
B. Children in a game have a quicker response to prompting questions. B. 游戏中的孩子对提示性问题的反应更快。
C. Younger children have a stronger sense of smell than older ones. C. 小一点的孩子的嗅觉比大一点的孩子强。
D. In experiments children’s answers may sometimes be unreliable. D. 在实验中,孩子们的答案有时是不可靠的。
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据第三段第三句“她指出,五岁以下的孩子通常会回答‘是’,即使答案是矛盾的”,从中可知,即便答案可能是矛盾的,孩子们在回答时通常都会回答“是”,从而推断,孩子们的答案并不是可靠的。因此,该题选择D项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项定位第三段第一句“心理学家希拉里•施密特认为这项研究难以接受是可以理解的(understandably)”可知,该项与原文相反,属于反向干扰;
B选项没有提到,属于无中生有;
C选项在文中并没有进行比较,属于无中生有。
33.【选项释义】
33. Schmidt’s styrofoam and lead ball experiment shows that younger children ______. 33. 施密特的泡沫塑料和铅球实验表明,更小的孩子______。
A. rely on earlier experiences in judging an object A. 在判断物体时依赖于早期的经验
B. are insensitive to size, weight and shape B. 对大小、重量和形状不敏感
C. cannot recognize the size of styrofoam balls C. 无法识别聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料球的大小
D. can understand what the ball is made of D. 能够理解球是由什么制成的
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据第四段倒数第二句“尽管他们有过早期的经验,但他们并不了解物体是由什么物质构成的,也不了解物体的大小和形状”,从中我们可知,施密特的泡沫塑料和铅球实验表明,更小的孩子在判断物体时对物体的大小、重量和形状都不了解。因此,B项最符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A选项中的早期经验并不是孩子们判断物体的依据,属于曲解原文;
C选项不全面,属于以偏概全;
D选项不符合原文,属于反向干扰。
34.【选项释义】
34. The word “subjects” (Para. 3) most probably means ______. 34. 第三段的subjects 一词最有可能的意思是______。
A. pupils A. 小学生
B. adults B. 成年人
C. children C. 孩子
D. researchers D. 研究员
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】首先,根据题干定位到第三段最后一句“在越来越年轻的研究对象的帮助下,她希望阐明嗅觉的遗传成分的重要性”,结合上一句“她发现,孩子们能像成年人一样区分好闻和坏闻”,从中我们可知,这项研究的对象是children;综合理解,第三段的subjects指的就是孩子。因此,该题选择C项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项文中没提到,属于无中生有;
B、D选项并不符合原文,属于曲解原文。
35.【选项释义】
35. From the last sentence of the text, we can infer that Schmidt may ______. 35. 从文章的最后一句话,我们可以推断施密特可能______。
A. overthrow the existing theories concerning the sex difference in smelling A. 推翻了现有的关于性别差异的嗅觉理论
B. support the second explanation that hormones play a role B. 支持荷尔蒙起作用的第二种解释
C. think that mature girls are less sensitive to smells than children C. 认为成熟的女孩对气味的敏感性不如儿童
D. agree that children’s sensitivity to smell is nurtured D. 同意儿童嗅觉的敏感度是后天培养的
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】首先,定位至文章最后一句“但施密特关于儿童存在性别差异的观察并不符合这两种解释”,其中的两种解释是指上文提到的关于性别差异对于嗅觉敏感度的影响在儿童中并不明显的原因:一种认为女孩参加诸如烹饪之类的活动可以训练她们分辨气味;另一种认为女性荷尔蒙会使嗅觉器官发生一些变化。综合理解可知,施密特对于儿童性别差异的观察研究推翻了女孩比男孩对气味更敏感这两种解释,A选项意思与之相近。因此,该题选择A项正确。
【干扰项排除】
B、C选项与原文不符,属于反向干扰;
D选项与该段没有联系,属于出处错位。