试题出自试卷《宁波大学2014年考博英语真题及答案解析》

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

A fundamental shift is taking place in the geography of science. Networks of research collaboration are expanding in every region of the globe. (46) The established science superpowers of the United States and Europe have dominated the research world since 1945. Yet this Atlantic axis is unlikely to be the main focus of research by 2045. Or perhaps even by 2020.
(47) New regional networks are reinforcing the competence and capacity of emerging research economies, and changing the global balance of research activity. This may well reveal different ways of approaching challenges, and solutions that are different to those of Western institutions. If the science superpowers are to avoid being left behind, they will need to step out of their comfort zones to keep up with the dynamism of the new players in this shifting landscape.
(48) Collaboration is normally a good thing from a wider public perspective. Knowledge is better transferred and combined by collaboration, and co-authored papers tend to be cited more frequently. But could increased global collaboration mean a blending of objectives that risks leaving bland priorities?
Co-authorship is a valid proxy for collaboration because few scientists surrender credit for their papers lightly, so we can assume that sharing of authorship reflects a tangible engagement. (49) Such publication data are readily available, cover many countries and research disciplines to a good depth, and have reasonable consistency across decades. Changes in the balance of research done by the lone scientist and that done by teams can be seen in co-authorship data. Co-authorship has been increasing inexorably. Recently it has exploded.
(50) An issue of Nature today has a similar number of Letters to one from 60 years ago, but at least four times more authors. Similar observations have been documented from clinical science to law. In the early 1980s, papers with more than 100 authors were rare. By 1990, the annual tally with that number exceeded 500—and it has kept growing. The first paper with 1,000 authors was published in 2004; a paper with 3,000 authors came in 2008. By last year, a total of 120 physics papers had more than 1,000 authors and 44 had more than 3,000. Many of these are from collaborations at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, Europe’s particle-physics lab near Geneva, Switzerland.