The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could receive humane care in hospital-like environments and treatment which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid 1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prison-like. Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten.
These conditions continued until after World War II. At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses theretofore considered untreatable (penicillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspaper exposes called attention to the plight of the mentally ill. Improvements were made and Dr. David Vail’s Humane Practices Program is a beacon for today. But changes were slow in coming until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights movement led lawyers to investigate America’s prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons—the hospitals for the criminally insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support, were quick to demand their rights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered “crazy” and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers. The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice, which once exposed, was bound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience. Patients’ rights groups successfully encouraged reform by lobbying in state legislatures.
Judicial intervention has had some definite positive effect, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care. The details of providing day-to-day care simply cannot be mandated by a court, so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility for delivery of mental health care and assurance of patient rights and return it to the state mental health administrators to whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide the training and surveillance to assure that treatment is given and patient rights are respected.
21. The main purpose of the passage is to ______.
22. The author’s attitude toward people who are patients in state institutions can best be described as ______.
23. It can be inferred from the passage that, if the Civil Rights movement hadn’t prompted an investigation of prison conditions, ______.
24. The tone of the final paragraph can best be described as ______.
25. According to the passage, mental hospital conditions were radically changed because of ______.
问题1选项
A.provide an historical perspective on problems of mental health care
B.increase public awareness of the plight of the mentally ill
C.shock the reader with vivid descriptions of asylums
D.describe the invention of new treatments for mental illness
问题2选项
A.inflexible and insensitive
B.detached and neutral
C.understanding and sympathetic
D.enthusiastic and supportive
问题3选项
A.states would never have established asylums for the mentally ill
B.new treatments for major mental illness would have likely remained untested
C.the Civil Rights movement in America would have been politically ineffective
D.conditions in mental hospitals might have escaped judicial scrutiny
问题4选项
A.overly emotional
B.cleverly deceptive
C.cautiously optimistic
D.fiercely independent
问题5选项
A.as groups of young angry men in the 1900s
B.active young lawyers in the 1960s
C.innocent insane patients’ protest
D.powerful court interventions
第1题:A
第2题:C
第3题:D
第4题:C
第5题:B
21.【试题答案】A
【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章的主要目的是……”。文章第一段先是用Dorothea Dix的事例引出美国心理健康运动启蒙时期的发展,然后第二段谈到了二战以后精神疾病新的治疗方法的进步,随后阐述了20世纪60年代以后美国精神卫生保健发展的缓慢,以及精神病人失去了权利,最后讨论到在司法的干预下,精神卫生保健得到了一些积极的效果,但是还需要一些确保病人有良好护理的标准和审查机制。综上所述,我们可知,整篇文章都是以历史的角度来阐述美国的精神卫生健康,所以A项“提供精神卫生保健问题的历史视角”符合题意。B项“提高公众对精神病人困境的认识”、C项“用精神病院的生动描述使读者震惊”和D项“描述精神疾病新疗法的发明”都只是文章的一部分,属于以偏概全。因此,该题选择A项正确。
22.【试题答案】C
【试题解析】观点态度题。题干意思是“作者对州医疗机构患者的态度可以用……来描述”。定位第一段最后一句Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten.(精神病院变成了令人恐惧和压抑的地方,病人的权利几乎被遗忘),第二段第七句The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered “crazy” and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers.(与此形成对比的是,精神病罪犯医院里挤满了被认为是“疯子”的人,他们经常被严格地限制身体,并使用大剂量的镇定剂,乖乖地待在自己的地方),以及第二段倒数第二句And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions(在许多州,他们被关押在可怕的机构中),由frightening and depressing,obediently和horrendous这些词可以看出,作者对州医疗机构的患者是同情的态度,所以C项“理解和同情”正确。A项“僵硬和麻木”、B项“超然和中立”和D项“热情和支持”都是曲解原文。因此,该题选择C项正确。
23.【试题答案】D
【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中可以推断,如果民权运动没有引发对监狱条件的调查,……”。定位到第二段第五句At that time, the Civil Rights Movement led lawyers to investigate America’s prisons, which is proportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons—the hospitals for the criminally insane.(当时,民权运动带领律师调查了美国的监狱,那里的黑人比例相当高,他们跟着囚犯进入了唯一比监狱更糟糕的机构:精神病罪犯医院),这里讲到了民权运动带领律师对美国监狱进行调查,他们进入了比监狱还糟糕的精神病罪犯医院,接着就讲到律师所看到的精神病罪犯的状况,然后最后一句提到And in many states they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice which, once exposed Wes bound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience.(在许多州,他们被关押在可怕的机构中,这种不公正一旦暴露出来,势必会震惊公众,尤其是司法良知),综合可推断,民权运动没有引发对监狱的调查是由于精神病罪犯医院的状况使其逃过了司法审查,D项“精神病院的状况可能逃脱了司法审查” 符合题意。定位到第一段第三句By the mid-1800s, 2 states had established asylums(到19世纪中期,已经有两个州建立了收容所)可知,A项“各州永远不会为精神病患者建立收容所”表述与原文不符,属于曲解原文。B项“主要精神疾病的新治疗方法可能还没有经过测试”和C项“美国的民权运动在政治上是无效的”没有提到,属于无中生有。因此,该题选择D项正确。
24.【试题答案】C
【试题解析】主观态度题。题干意思是“最后一段的基调可以用……来描述”。定位到最后一段首句Judicial interventions have had some definite positive effects, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care.(司法干预确实产生了一些积极的效果,但人们越来越意识到,法院无法提供确保良好病人护理的标准和审查机制),由positive可知,这一段的态度是比较乐观的,后面用了but转折,可推知,最后一段基调是比较谨慎乐观的,所以C项“谨慎乐观”正确。A项“过于情绪化”、B项“巧妙地欺骗”和D项“完全独立”都不符合,属于曲解原文。因此,该题选择C项正确。
25.【试题答案】B
【试题解析】事实细节题。题干意思是“根据这篇文章,由于……,精神病院的情况发生了根本性的变化”。定位第二段中的At that time, the Civil Rights movement led lawyers to investigate America’s prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons — the hospitals for the criminally insane.(当时,民权运动促使律师们调查了美国监狱,那里的黑人人口不成比例,他们跟着囚犯进入了唯一比监狱更糟糕的机构——精神病犯罪医院),以及The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong.(年轻的公益律师干部喜欢他们在精神病院的角色。律师们发现这个群体既被动又容易争取。毕竟,这些人不像罪犯,他们什么都没做错。),可知,60年代早期,公民权利运动促使律师调查美国的监狱,后来又促使他们调查精神病院;在这些运动中,关注公众利益的年轻律师们对精神病院很感兴趣,他们发现了一些令人震惊的现象。由此可知,精神病院状况的改变是由于积极的年轻律师所起的作用,B项“20世纪60年代活跃的年轻律师”正确。A项“20世纪的一群愤怒的年轻人”是监狱的犯人,和精神病院无关,属于出处错位。C项“无辜的精神病患者的抗议”属于反向干扰,文中只提到监狱的年轻人要求自己的权利,而精神病患者则是被注射镇定剂,乖乖待在那里。D项“强有力的法庭干预”属于曲解原文,最后一段第一段提到的是judicial intervention(司法干预),并不是court intervention(法庭干预)。因此,该题选择B项正确。