Ever since the Industrial Revolution brought workers from small shops into factories, supervision has been required. Only during the last hundred years, however, has industrial management grown into a highly organized set of modern methods for achieving efficiency. Thus, management is a new human history, and it has already become vitally important for the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies.
Efficiency means getting results with the least possible waste of time, effort, and money. Therefore, efficiency is the aim of all management, both public and private. In private business, efficiency can be measured by profit, the surplus of income over expenditures.
The manager’s a job, then, is to get people to do things efficiently. The top manager manages other managers, chooses and trains them, plans their operations, and checks the results. All managers have practical complex problems, but they utilize methods based on a growing body of knowledge. Shop managers carry out time and motion studies to improve workers’ efficiency, and foremen give on-the-job training to workers. Industrial mangers employ specialists to keep machines working properly and to ensure the supply of spare parts. The flow of work is supervised to avoid any unplanned idleness of workers of equipment. Each step in manufacturing is planned in detail, and the cost of each step is carefully calculated. Supervisors consult experts regularly in order to master new techniques. Personnel managers have learned to obtain greater efficiency from workers by providing rest periods and by improving morale through better heating, lighting, safety devices, cafeterias, and recreation facilities—even when these have not been demanded by labor unions. The use of modern electronic devices had led to increasing automation, in which many automatic machines function without any need for human labor.
Scientific management methods have spread to all branches of industry—not only manufacturing, but also accounting, finance, marketing, and other office work. There are planning systems, organization systems and control systems. Within these there are other systems for delegation of authority, budgeting, information feedback for control, and so on. The essence of all the functions of management is coordination, the harmonious combination of all individual efforts for the achievement of the objectives of the enterprise.
26. From the first paragraph, we know that ________.
27. The top manager ________.
28. All managers employ ________.
29. Personnel managers provide rest periods, safety devices, recreation facilities, etc. ________.
30. The essence of all management functions is ________.
问题1选项
A.industrial management depends on the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies
B.industrial management is indispensable to the successes of all kinds of businesses and of national economies
C.the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies has nothing to do with industrial management
D.industrial management did not develop until the last fifty years
问题2选项
A.is responsible for selecting other managers and help them do things efficiently
B.gets other managers to choose and train themselves
C.manages other managers’ operations
D.learns new techniques from other managers
问题3选项
A.various methods to solve their practical and complex problems
B.specialists to keep machines working properly
C.workers who give on-the-job training
D.advisers to handle practical and complex problems
问题4选项
A.because the labor unions demand them
B.just to improve the workers’ morale
C.to obtain greater efficiency from workers
D.to ensure the good working conditions
问题5选项
A.to combine individual efforts to achieve the objectives of the enterprise
B.the coordination of the functions of management
C.the harmonious coordination of organization efforts for the achievement of individual objectives
D.to coordinate the systems for planning, organization and control
第1题:B
第2题:A
第3题:A
第4题:C
第5题:A
26.事实细节题。根据第一段最后一句management is a new human history, and it has already become vitally important for the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies.（管理是新的人类历史，已经对各类企业的成功和国民经济发展来说至关重要。），可知B选项“工业管理对于各类企业和国家经济的成功必不可少”正确，A选项“工业管理依赖于各种企业和国家经济的成功”和C选项“各类企业和国家经济的成功与工业管理无关”错误。D选项“工业管理直到最近五十年才发展起来”：根据第一段第二句Only during the last hundred years, however, has industrial management grown into a highly organized set of modern methods for achieving efficiency.（然而，只是在最近的一百年里，工业管理才发展成为一套极有组织的现代提高效率的方法。），可知工业管理在最近百年内而非五十年内发展起来，故错误。因此B选项正确。
27.事实细节题。根据第三段第二句The top manager manages other managers, chooses and trains them, plans their operations, and checks the results.（总经理管理其他经理，选拔和培训，制作工作计划，并检查结果。），可知总经理主要做选人用人的工作，A选项“负责挑选其他经理，并帮助他们有效率地做事”正确，B选项“让其他经理选择和培训他们自己”，C选项“管理其他经理的业务”和D选项“从其他经理那里学习新技术”错误。因此A选项正确。
28.语义推测题。根据第三段第三句All managers have practical complex problems（所有的管理者都有实际的复杂问题），所以A选项“解决实际和复杂的问题的各种方法”正确。B选项“保证机器正常工作的专家”：根据第三段第五句Industrial mangers employ specialists to keep machines working properly（工业管理人员雇用专家来确保机器正常工作），可知这是工业管理人员的职责，故错误。C选项“提供在职培训的工作人员”：根据第三段第四句foremen give on-the-job training to workers.（领班给工人进行在职培训），可知这是领班的职责，故错误。D选项“处理实际和复杂问题的顾问”：文章没有提到顾问，故错误。因此A选项正确。
29.语义推测题。根据第三段倒数第二句Personnel managers have learned to obtain greater efficiency from workers by providing rest periods and by improving morale through better heating, lighting, safety devices, cafeterias, and recreation facilities—even when these have not been demanded by labor unions.（人事经理已经学会通过提供休息时间和通过改善暖气、照明、安全设备、自助餐厅和娱乐设施来提高员工的士气以便提高工作效率，即使这些工会都没有要求。），可知人事经理做这些事是为了提高员工的工作效率，C选项“从工人那里获得更高的效率”正确，A选项“因为工会的要求”和B选项“只是为了提高员工的士气”和D选项“确保良好的工作条件”不是最终目的，故错误。因此C选项正确。
30.事实细节题。根据文章最后一句The essence of all the functions of management is coordination, the harmonious combination of all individual efforts for the achievement of the objectives of the enterprise.（管理的一切职能的本质是协调，是所有个人努力和谐结合，以实现企业的目标。），可知A选项“结合个人的努力来实现企业的目标”正确，B选项“管理职能的合理分配”，C选项“为实现个人目标，组织所作的协调”和D选项“协调计划、组织和控制的系统”不符合文章内容，故错误。因此A选项正确。
