There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accomplished by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, sillicons, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.
Despite these findings, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the prodigious assets of the giant corporation or conglomerate can afford the kind of expenditure that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditure for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources.
Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation—a risky and expensive budget item—might meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be more concerned with cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budget, it would be an egregious error to assume that the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Furthermore, the firm with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue new techniques and different products, since with little vested interest in capital equipment or plant it is not deterred from investment in innovation. In some cases, where inter-industry competition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.
The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures; there are instances in which they, too, must compete, as against another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.
41. According to the passage, important inventions of twentieth century ______.
42. It is the author’s belief, as expressed or implied in the passage, that ______.
43. Management and stockholders might be deeply concerned with cost-cutting rather than innovation if ______.
44. It can be inferred from the passage that the author ______.
45. The amount of money spent by the federal government for non-military research and product development is ______.
46. Which of the following statements is neither expressed nor implied in the passage?
47. The author’s purpose in this passage is to ______.
48. Which of the following best supports the thesis that industrial giants do not best serve to provide the innovation we need to improve our standard of living and protect our diminishing resources?
49. The industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress. The sentence means ______.
50. According to the author, the conglomerates may spend large amount on innovation because ______.
问题1选项
A.are not necessarily produced as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development
B.came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopoly industries
C.were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams
D.have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates
问题2选项
A.monopoly power creates an environment supportive of innovation
B.government protection for military research will do much to protect our dwindling resources
C.industrial giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change
D.firms with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipment
问题3选项
A.their company is faced with strong competition in a field not dominated by one of the industrial giants
B.they are very stable and secure and hold a monopoly position in their industry
C.they are part of the military-industrial complex and are the recipients of federal funds for product development
D.they have produced some of the important inventions of this century
问题4选项
A.has little confidence in the ability of monopolistic industry to produce the important inventions of the future
B.would rather see the federal government spend money on social services than on the defense establishment
C.favors a conservative approach to innovation and places trust in conglomerates to provide efficient production
D.while admitting that more than half the important inventions of the century were produced by independent inventors, feel that the future lies in the hands of giant industry
问题5选项
A.more than $36 billion each year
B.approximately $24 billion each year
C.more than $18 billion each year
D.less than $12 billion each year
问题6选项
A.Important inventions have been produced, in the past, by individuals as well as by corporate teams.
B.The federal government’s research funds are funneled into pure research as well as military research.
C.The development of the automatic transmission is not credited to organized industrial research.
D.Industrial giants may deliberately suppress innovations to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence.
问题7选项
A.advocate an increase in government support of organized industrial research
B.point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry
C.describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation
D.show that America’s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness
问题8选项
A.More than half the important inventions made since the turn of the century were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research.
B.More than half the government expenditure for research goes to military research.
C.The missile industry is one that benefits from government spending for research.
D.Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances.
问题9选项
A.that the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss because of obsolescence by purposely preventing technological progress
B.that the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss caused by obsolescence by purposely promoting technological progress
C.that the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss caused by obsolescence by deliberately spending more money on technological progress
D.that the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss caused by obsolescence by purposely investing more money on innovation
问题10选项
A.they are completely exempt from strong competitive pressures
B.they are supportive of innovation
C.they can afford to undertake the important research needed
D.they, too, must compete against another industrial Goliath
第1题:C
第2题:D
第3题:A
第4题:A
第5题:D
第6题:B
第7题:B
第8题:D
第9题:A
第10题:D
第1题:
【选项释义】
According to the passage, important inventions of twentieth century ______. 根据文章，20世纪的重要发明______。
A. are not necessarily produced as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development A. 不一定是政府支持军事武器研发的结果
B. came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopoly industries B. 主要来自垄断行业的大型实验室
C. were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams C. 至少是由独立发明家和研究团队共同创造的
D. have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates D. 对小公司的影响大于对大公司的影响
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据第一段第二句“最近一项对世纪之交以来的重要发明的研究表明，超过一半的发明是独立于工业研究组织的个体发明者独自工作的成果”，和第三句“当工业实验室贡献了像尼龙和晶体管这样重要的产品时，独立的发明家发明了空调、自动变速器、喷气发动机、直升机、胰岛素和链霉素。”，可知20世纪的重要发明至少是由独立发明家和研究团队共同创造的，那么C项意思与之相符。故该题选择C项。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“不一定是政府支持军事武器研发的结果”，在原文中并没有提到20世纪的重要发明和政府支持军事武器研发的关系，无中生有；
B选项“主要来自垄断行业的大型实验室”与原文不符，超过一半的发明是由个体发明者研究出来的，该项曲解原文；
D选项“对小公司的影响大于对大公司的影响”，在原文中说的是研究所需的支出，与题干无关，张冠李戴。
第2题:
【选项释义】
It is the author’s belief, as expressed or implied in the passage, that ______. 正如文章中所表达或暗示的那样，作者认为______。
A. monopoly power creates an environment supportive of innovation A. 垄断力量创造了一个支持创新的环境
B. government protection for military research will do much to protect our dwindling resources B. 政府对军事研究的保护将在很大程度上保护我们日益减少的资源
C. industrial giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change C. 拥有管理机构的工业巨头对技术变革的反应更快
D. firms with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipment D. 市场份额小的公司将积极追求创新，因为他们不会被束缚在旧的固定设备中
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据第三段倒数第二句“此外，市场份额小的公司将积极追求新技术和不同的产品，因为在固定设备或工厂方面没有什么既得利益，它不会阻止对创新的投资”，可知市场份额小的公司因为在设备和工厂方面都没有既得利益，所以他们不会阻止对创新的投资；理解可推断，市场份额小的公司将积极追求创新，因为他们不会被束缚在设备和工厂中。故该题选择D项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“垄断力量创造了一个支持创新的环境”在原文第二段提到，但是第二句指出个体发明家和小公司无法承担这种创新所需的支出，只有大公司才能负担，但是第三段作者提到大企业更倾向于保持现状，所以作者并不相信“垄断力量创造了一个支持创新的环境”，该项反向干扰；
B选项“政府对军事研究的保护将在很大程度上保护我们日益减少的资源”定位第二段最后一句“有些人认为，这些与国防有关的研究项目能否改善生活水平，或者能否在保护我们日益减少的资源方面起很大作用，是值得怀疑的”，其中“这”指的是政府对军事研究的支持，理解可知“政府对军事研究的保护将在很大程度上保护我们日益减少的资源”是“值得怀疑的”，该项曲解原文；
C选项“拥有管理机构的工业巨头对技术变革的反应更快”从第三段最后一句“……工业巨头可能会通过故意阻碍技术进步来避免因过时而造成的资本损失”可看出，该项与原文相反，反向干扰。
第3题:
【选项释义】
Management and stockholders might be deeply concerned with cost-cutting rather than innovation if ______. 如果______，管理层和股东可能更关心削减成本而不是创新。
A. their company is faced with strong competition in a field not dominated by one of the industrial giants A. 他们的公司在一个并非由工业巨头主导的领域中面临着激烈的竞争
B. they are very stable and secure and hold a monopoly position in their industry B. 他们非常稳定和安全，在他们的行业中占有垄断地位
C. they are part of the military-industrial complex and are the recipients of federal funds for product development C. 他们是军工复合体的一部分，并接受联邦资金用于产品开发
D. they have produced some of the important inventions of this century D. 他们创造了本世纪的一些重要发明
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干定位至第三段第三句“虽然可以假设（assumed）在一个不是由单个公司主导的（not dominated by a single corporation）高度竞争的行业中（a highly competitive industry），对创新的投资可能会遇到来自管理层和股东的阻力，他们可能更关心削减成本、高效率的组织和大量的广告预算……”，从中可知，在一个不是由单个公司主导的高度竞争的行业中，管理层和股东可能更关心削减成本而不是创新；从a highly competitive industry（高度竞争的行业）和not dominated by a single corporation（不是由单个公司主导）可以看出，这两个是管理层和股东可能不会关心创新的原因。A选项“他们的公司在一个并非由工业巨头主导的领域中面临着激烈的竞争”符合题意，故选择A项正确。
【干扰项排除】B选项“他们非常稳定和安全，在他们的行业中占有垄断地位”、C选项“他们是军工复合体的一部分，并接受联邦资金用于产品开发”和D选项“他们创造了本世纪的一些重要发明”在文中都没有说明，无中生有。
第4题:
【选项释义】
It can be inferred from the passage that the author ______. 从文章中可以推断出作者______。
A. has little confidence in the ability of monopolistic industry to produce the important inventions of the future A. 对垄断企业在未来的创新没有信心
B. would rather see the federal government spend money on social services than on the defense establishment B. 宁愿看到联邦政府把钱花在社会服务而不是国防建设上
C. favors a conservative approach to innovation and places trust in conglomerates to provide efficient production C. 偏爱保守的创新方式，并相信大企业集团能够提供高效的生产
D. while admitting that more than half the important inventions of the century were produced by independent inventors, feel that the future lies in the hands of giant industry D. 虽然承认这个世纪有一半以上的重要发明是由个体发明家创造的，但作者认为未来掌握在大企业手中
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据第三段倒数第四句“将垄断生产者等同于大量的研究开支（the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research），那就大错特错了”可知，垄断公司会较少地投入资金在重要的研究或发明上，所以创造important inventions（重要发明）的可能性比较小，A选项“对垄断企业在未来的创新没有信心”符合这一分析。故该题选择A项。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“宁愿看到联邦政府把钱花在社会服务而不是国防建设上”与本文主旨无关，无中生有；
C选项“偏爱保守的创新方式，并相信大企业集团能够提供高效的生产”，作者在本文对小公司持积极态度，对大公司持消极态度的，该项反向干扰；
D选项“虽然承认这个世纪有一半以上的重要发明是由个体发明家创造的，但作者认为未来掌握在大企业手中”，从倒数第二段作者提到“工业巨头更愿意阻碍技术进步来避免因过时而造成的资本损失”可以看出，该项属于曲解原文。
第5题:
【选项释义】
The amount of money spent by the federal government for non-military research and product development is ______. 联邦政府用于非军事研究和产品开发的资金数额为______。
A. more than $36 billion each year A. 每年超过360亿美元
B. approximately $24 billion each year B. 大约每年240亿美元
C. more than $18 billion each year C. 每年超过180亿美元
D. less than $12 billion each year D. 每年不到120亿美元
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干可定位至第二段，其中对于联邦政府的支出有描述，从倒数第二和第三句“我们发现，这个国家每年超过350亿美元的支出中，几乎三分之二是由联邦政府支出的。其中一半以上的政府支出用于军事研究和产品开发……”可知，每年超过350亿美元的支出中联邦政府支出占到了三分之二，也就是说联邦政府支出大约为233亿美元，超过一半是用于军事研究和产品开发，也就是至少有117亿美元是用于军事研究和产品开发，那么用于非军事研究和产品开发的资金数额可能连116美元都不到。因此，D项正确。
【干扰项排除】A选项“每年超过360亿美元”、B选项“大约每年240亿美元”和C选项“每年超过180亿美元”都是错误的，曲解原文。
第6题:
【选项释义】
Which of the following statements is neither expressed nor implied in the passage? 下面哪个陈述既没有在文章中明确表达也没有暗示？
A. Important inventions have been produced, in the past, by individuals as well as by corporate teams. A. 在过去，重要发明是由个人和工业研究团队创造的。
B. The federal government’s research funds are funneled into pure research as well as military research. B. 联邦政府的研究资金既用于纯理论研究，也用于军事研究。
C. The development of the automatic transmission is not credited to organized industrial research. C. 自动变速器的发展不能归功于有组织的企业研究。
D. Industrial giants may deliberately suppress innovations to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence. D. 工业巨头可能会故意抑制创新，以避免过时造成的资本损失。
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据第二段倒数第二句“其中一半以上的政府支出用于军事研究和产品开发，在核能、飞机、导弹、电子等行业的支出大幅增加”，可知联邦政府的研究支出大部分都用于军事研究和产品开发，只有少部分是用于非军事研究，但是这并不代表非军事研究就是pure research（纯理论研究），作者对此也没有相关的暗示。所以，该题选择B项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“在过去，重要发明是由个人和工业研究团队创造的”根据文章第一段的内容可以知道，重要发明的研究是由个人和工业研究团队开发出来的，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰；
C选项“自动变速器的发展不能归功于有组织的企业研究”定位第一段倒数第二句“个体发明家发明了空调、自动变速器……”可知，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰；
D选项“工业巨头可能会故意抑制创新，以避免过时造成的资本损失”定位至第三段最后一句“……工业巨头可能会通过故意阻碍技术进步来避免因过时而造成的资本损失”可知，该项也符合原文，属于反向干扰。
第7题:
【选项释义】
The author’s purpose in this passage is to ______. 作者这篇文章的目的是为了______。
A. advocate an increase in government support of organized industrial research A. 提倡增加政府对工业研究组织的支持
B. point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry B. 指出关于工业研究程度与工业垄断力量增长之间的关系的普遍误解
C. describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation C. 描述小公司在处理研究和创新这一重要问题上的不足
D. show that America’s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness D. 表明美国的优势取决于个人的能力和资源
【考查点】主旨大意题。
【解题思路】文章第一段是文章的总论，根据前两句“人们普遍认为，巨型工业的出现得益于工业研究的激增。最近一项对世纪之交以来的重要发明的研究表明，超过一半的发明是独立于工业研究组织的个体发明者独自工作的成果。”可以看出，前两句的对比指出了文章的主旨，即巨型工业的发展不代表工业研究投入的增加，而B项“指出关于工业研究程度与工业垄断力量增长之间的关系的普遍误解”对此是比较合理的概括。因此，该题选择B项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“提倡增加政府对工业研究组织的支持”，因为作者对防御性工程的投入是否有价值还没有定论，所以说倡导增加工业研究的投入并不明确，该项曲解原文；
C选项“描述小公司在处理研究和创新这一重要问题上的不足”，文中作者对小公司持正面态度，该项与情感色彩不符，属于反向干扰；
D选项“表明美国的优势取决于个人的能力和资源”太绝对，第一段中提到有工业来源的发明和个人与工业共同努力的发明，该项曲解原文。
第8题:
【选项释义】
Which of the following best supports the thesis that industrial giants do not best serve to provide the innovation we need to improve our standard of living and protect our diminishing resources? 以下哪一项最能支持这一论点：工业巨头并不能最好地提供我们需要的创新，以提高我们的生活水平和保护我们日益减少的资源？
A. More than half the important inventions made since the turn of the century were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. A. 自世纪之交以来，超过一半的发明是独立于工业研究组织的个体发明者独自工作的成果。
B. More than half the government expenditure for research goes to military research. B. 超过一半的研究支出用于军事研究。
C. The missile industry is one that benefits from government spending for research. C. 导弹工业是一个受益于政府研究支出的行业。
D. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances. D. 大型企业往往在稳定和安全的环境下更舒适地经营。
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据第三段倒数第三句“大型企业往往在稳定和安全的环境下更舒适地经营，他们的管理机构往往促进现状的发展，抵制变革中隐含的威胁（resist the threat implicit in change）”，从中可知，大企业更倾向于在稳定和安全的环境下更舒适地经营，因为创新会带来隐藏的危险和威胁，D项符合题干。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“自世纪之交以来，超过一半的发明是独立于工业研究组织的个体发明者独自工作的成果”，根据第二段第二句“个体发明家和小公司无法承担提高我们生活水平的同时保护我们日益减少的资源所需的重要研究”可知，该项并不能支持题干论点，反向干扰；
B选项“超过一半的研究支出用于军事研究”和C选项“导弹工业是一个受益于政府研究支出的行业”是联邦政府对研究项目的支出，也不能支持题干论点，张冠李戴。
第9题:
【选项释义】
The industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress. The sentence means ______. 工业巨头可能会通过故意阻碍技术进步来避免因过时而造成的资本损失。 这个句子的意思是______。
A. that the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss because of obsolescence by purposely preventing technological progress A. 工业巨头可能会通过故意阻止技术进步来避免因过时而造成的资本损失
B. that the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss caused by obsolescence by purposely promoting technological progress B. 工业巨头可能会通过有意地促进技术进步来避免因过时而造成的资本损失
C. that the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss caused by obsolescence by deliberately spending more money on technological progress C. 工业巨头们可能会通过故意在技术进步上投入更多资金来避免因过时而造成的资本损失
D. that the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss caused by obsolescence by purposely investing more money on innovation D. 工业巨头可能会有意地在创新上投入更多资金，以避免因过时而造成的资本损失
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】首先，根据题干定位第三段最后一句“在某些情况下，当行业间的竞争减少甚至完全消除时，工业巨头可能会通过故意阻碍技术进步来避免因过时而造成的资本损失”，从倒数第三句对大企业的描述“大型企业往往在稳定和安全的环境下更舒适地经营，他们的管理机构往往促进现状的发展，抵制变革中隐含的威胁”综合理解可知，工业巨头更可能会通过促进现状发展，阻碍技术创新来使自己稳定地经营。而且该段第二句提到“……对创新的投资可能会遇到来自管理层和股东的阻力，他们可能更关心削减成本、高效率的组织和大量的广告预算……”，所以可知，工业巨头更关心的是资本，他们可能会通过故意阻碍技术进步来避免资本损失。A选项是题干句子的同义转换，故A项正确。
【干扰项排除】B选项“工业巨头可能会通过有意地促进技术进步来避免因过时而造成的资本损失”、C选项“工业巨头们可能会通过故意在技术进步上投入更多资金来避免因过时而造成的资本损失”和D选项“工业巨头可能会有意地在创新上投入更多资金，以避免因过时而造成的资本损失”都与原文相反，反向干扰。
第10题:
【选项释义】
According to the author, the conglomerates may spend large amount on innovation because ______. 作者认为，大企业之所以在创新上投入巨资，是因为______。
A. they are completely exempt from strong competitive pressures A. 他们完全没有强大的竞争压力
B. they are supportive of innovation B. 他们支持创新
C. they can afford to undertake the important research needed C. 他们有能力承担必要的重要研究
D. they, too, must compete against another industrial Goliath D. 他们也必须与另一个工业巨人竞争
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据文章最后一句“在某些情况下，他们也必须与另一个工业巨人竞争，然后他们的武器可能包括对创新的大笔支出（large expenditures for innovation）”，理解可知，大企业之所以在创新上投入巨资，是因为他们必须和另一个工业巨人竞争。因此，该题选择D项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“他们完全没有强大的竞争压力”表述错误，不是“完全没有强大的竞争压力”，而是“不能完全摆脱强大的竞争压力”，曲解原文；
B选项“他们支持创新”从上文可以看出，大企业更喜欢安于现状，该项反向干扰；
C选项“他们有能力进行必要的重要研究”与题干无关，张冠李戴。
