Emotions are defined as strong, relatively uncontrolled feelings that affect our behavior. Everyone experiences a wide range of emotions. Think for a moment about a recent emotional experience. What characterized this experience? All emotional experiences tend to have several elements in common.
Emotions are generally triggered by environmental events. Anger, joy and sadness are most frequently a response to a set of external events. However, internal processes, such as imagery, can also initiate emotional reactions.
All emotions, as subjectively experienced and identified, appear to be associated with physiological changes.The emotions labeled as “joy”, “fear” and “anger” occur in conjunction with very similar physiological patterns. Current thinking leans towards accepting the primacy (首要性) of physiological changes, which are then interpreted based on environmental occurrences. For example, a sudden falling sensation will initiate physiological changes. These changes would be interpreted on the basis of the situation in which they occur, exhilaration or excitement of bungee jumping; fear of falling from a ledge (岩脊).
Another characteristic feature of an emotional experience is cognitive thought. Emotions generally, although not necessarily, are accompanied by thinking. The types of thoughts and our ability to think “rationally” vary with the type and degree of emotion. Extreme emotional responses are frequently used as an explanation for inappropriate thoughts or actions: “I was so mad I couldn’t think straight.”
Emotions also have associated behaviors. While the behaviors vary between individuals and within individuals across different times and situations, there are unique behaviors characteristically associated with different emotions: fear triggers fleeing responses, anger triggers striking out, grief triggers crying, and so on.
Finally, and most importantly, emotions involve subjective feelings. In fact, it is the feeling component (成分)that is generally referred to when emotions are mentioned. Grief, joy, anger, jealousy and fear feel very different from one another. These subjectively determined feelings are the essence of emotion.
While all individuals generally evaluate emotions in a consistent manner and within individuals over time, there are some individual and situational variations. For example, few people generally want to be sad or afraid, yet we all occasionally enjoy a movie or a book that scares or saddens us—or even some of the frightening ride sat theme parks(主题乐园)!
If asked, we could doubtless name numerous emotions. A group of 20 or so people can generally name or describe several hundred emotions. Therefore, it is not surprising that researchers have attempted to categorize or type emotions into more manageable clusters. Plutchik lists eight basic emotional categories: fear; anger; joy; sadness; acceptance; disgust; expectancy; surprise.
According to Plutchik, all other emotions are secondary emotions and represent combinations of these basic categories. For example, delight is a combination of surprise and joy, and contempt is composed of disgust and anger.
61. What are the elements that produce human emotions?
62. The two examples given in the third paragraph shows that（ ）.
63. Which of the following statements about emotions is NOT TRUE?
64. The passage indicates that individual emotions（ ）.
65. Why do the researchers try to classify emotions?
问题1选项
A.Some strong uncontrolled forces which trigger emotions.
B.Internal processes such as illnesses, happiness, anger, etc.
C.External happenings such as deaths, divorce, promotions, etc.
D.External environmental events as well as internal mental processes.
问题2选项
A.emotions are the results of physiological reactions based on external events
B.excitement and fear are commonly seen human emotions
C.physiological changes determine all human actions
D.environmental occurrences are related with mental thinking
问题3选项
A.Emotions are accompanied by some certain behaviors.
B.Emotions are combinations of subjective feelings.
C.Extreme emotional reactions are the features of emotional cognitive thought.
D.Emotional occurrences are also the processes of mental thinking.
问题4选项
A.vary from person to person
B.follow more or less the same patterns
C.keep changing inconsistently
D.are genetically inherited
问题5选项
A.Because they try to place their research on a manageable basis.
B.Because there too many emotions to recognize.
C.Because each emotion represents a different implication.
D.Because there are some secondary emotions.
第1题:D
第2题:D
第3题:D
第4题:D
第5题:D
61.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第二段Emotions are generally triggered by environmental events ... However, internal processes, such as imagery, can also initiate emotional reactions.（情绪通常是由环境事件触发的。愤怒、快乐和悲伤通常是对一系列外部事件的反应。然而，内部过程，如意象，也可以启动情感反应。）通过这句话可知情感是由外在和内在两大因素引起的。因此D选项“外部环境事件和内部心理过程”正确。A选项“一些强烈的不受控制的力量会引发情绪”，是文章对emotions所下的定义，而非产生和影响emotions的因素；B选项“内在过程，如疾病、快乐、愤怒等”以及C选项“外部事件，如死亡、离婚、晋升等”只是产生情感的一个方面，不能完整概括情感产生的全部因素，因此错误。
62.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第三段最后For example, a sudden falling sensation will initiate physiological changes. These changes would be interpreted on the basis of the situation in which they occur, exhilaration or excitement of bungee jumping; fear of falling from a ledge.（例如，突然的下降感觉会引发生理变化。这些变化将根据它们发生的情况加以解释。蹦极的兴奋；害怕从窗台上掉下来。）这部分举例蹦极所产生的兴奋以及从悬崖处掉下来产生的恐惧感说明了外部环境对生理产生了变化，然后表现出人类诸如兴奋和恐惧这样的结果，因此A选项“情绪是基于外部事件的生理反应的结果”正确。B选项“兴奋和恐惧是常见的人类情绪”是自然常识，同文章主题思想没有关系；C选项“生理变化决定了人类的一切行为”以及D选项“环境事件与心理思考有关”文章中未提及。
63.事实细节题。C选项“极端情绪反应是情绪认知思维的特征”在第四段Extreme emotional responses are frequently used as an explanation for inappropriate thoughts or actions（极端的情绪反应经常被用来解释不恰当的想法或行为）但是它是对原文的曲解，因此是不符合原文的，当选。A选项“情绪伴随着某些特定的行为”出现在第五段Emotions also have associated behaviors.（情绪也有相关的行为。）因此A选项是文章中有提及的；B选项“情感是主观感受的组合”在第六段Finally, and most importantly, emotions involve subjective feelings. （最后，也是最重要的，情感包含主观感受。）也是文章提到的；D选项“情感事件也是心理思考的过程”在第四段Emotions generally, although not necessarily, are accompanied by thinking.（情感通常，虽然不一定，是伴随着思考的。）可以得出D选项是文章提到的。
64.事实细节题。根据题干信息定位到第六段的第三四句话Grief, joy, anger, jealousy and fear feel very different from one another．These subjectively determined feelings are the essence of emotion.（悲伤、喜悦、愤怒、嫉妒和恐惧彼此感觉非常不同。这些主观决定的感受是情感的本质。）可以推断出虽然悲伤、欢乐、生气、嫉妒以及恐惧各有不同的感受，但是这些主观的感受都是情感的基本要素，因此B选项“或多或少遵循相同的模式”正确。A选项“因人而异”；C选项“不断改变不一致”以及D选项“基因遗传”都与原文不符。
65.事实细节题。根据题干信息定位到第八段第三句话Therefore，it is not surprising that researchers have attempted to categorize or type emotions into more manageable clusters．（因此，研究人员试图将情绪分类或归类到更易于管理的集群中也就不足为奇了。）根据这句话可以得知A选项“因为他们试图把研究放在易于管理的基础上”正确。B选项“因为有太多的情感需要识别”，文章没有提到；C选项“因为每种情绪都代表着不同的含义”，文章没有提及；D选项“因为有一些次级情绪”，在最后一段 According to Plutchik, all other emotions are secondary emotions and represent combinations of these basic categories. For example, delight is a combination of surprise and joy, and contempt is composed of disgust and anger.（根据Plutchik的观点，所有其他情绪都是次级情绪，代表这些基本类别的组合。例如，喜悦是惊奇和喜悦的组合，轻蔑是厌恶和愤怒的组合。），可见所有其他情绪都是刺激情绪，因此D选项与最后一段的内容不符。
