When A. Philip Randolph assumed the leadership of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, he began a ten-year battle to win recognition from the Pullman Company, the largest private employer of Black people in the United States and the company that controlled the railroad industry’s sleeping car and parlor service. In 1935 the Brotherhood became the first Black union recognized by a major corporation. Randolph’s efforts in the battle helped transform the attitude of Black workers toward unions and toward themselves as an identifiable group; eventually, Randolph helped to weaken organized labor’s antagonism toward Black workers.
In the Pullman contest Randolph faced formidable obstacles. The first was Black workers’ understandable skepticism toward unions, which had historically barred Black workers from membership. An additional obstacle was the union that Pullman itself had formed, which weakened support among Black workers for an independent entity.
The Brotherhood possessed a number of advantages, however, including Randolph’s own tactical abilities. In 1928 he took the bold step of threatening a strike against Pullman. Such a threat, on a national scale, under Black leadership, helped replace the stereotype of the Black worker as servant with the image of the Black worker as wage earner. In addition, the porters’ very isolation aided the Brotherhood. Porters were scattered throughout the country, sleeping in dormitories in Black communities; their segregated life protected the union’ internal communications from interception. That the porters were a homogeneous group working for a single employer with single labor policy, thus sharing the same grievances from city to city, also strengthened the Brotherhood and encouraged racial identity and solidarity as well. But it was only in the early 1930s that federal legislation prohibiting a company from maintaining its own unions with company money eventually allowed the Brotherhood to become recognized as the porters’ representative.
Not content with this triumph, Randolph brought the Brotherhood into the American Federation of Labor, where it became the equal of the Federation’s 105 other unions. He reasoned that as a member union, the Brotherhood would be in a better position to exert pressure on member unions that practiced race restrictions. Such restrictions were eventually found unconstitutional in 1944.
1. According to the passage, by 1935 the skepticism of Black workers toward unions was ____.
2. In using the word “understandable” (Para.2), the author most clearly conveys ____.
3. The passage suggests which of the following about the response of porters to the Pullman Company’s own union?
4. The passage suggests that if the grievances of porters in one part of the United States had been different from those of porters in another part of the country, which of the following would have been the case?
5. The passage supplies information concerning which of the following matters related to Randolph?
问题1选项
A.unchanged except among Black employees of railroad-related industries
B.reinforced by the actions of the Pullman Company’s union
C.mitigated by the efforts of Randolph
D.weakened by the opening up of many unions to Black workers
问题2选项
A.sympathy with attempts by the Brotherhood between 1925 and 1935 to establish an independent union
B.concern that the obstacles faced by Randolph between 1925 and 1935 were indeed formidable
C.ambivalence about the significance of unions to most Black workers in the 1920s
D.appreciation of the attitude of many Black workers in the 1920s toward unions
问题3选项
A.Few porters ever joined this union.
B.Some porters supported this union before 1935.
C.Porters, more than other Pullman employees, enthusiastically supported this union.
D.The porters’ response was most positive after 1935.
问题4选项
A.It would have been more difficult for the Pullman Company to have had a single labor policy.
B.It would have been more difficult for the Brotherhood to control its channels of communication.
C.It would have been more difficult for the Brotherhood to build its membership.
D.It would have been easier for the Pullman Company’s union to attract membership.
问题5选项
A.The steps he took to initiate the founding of the Brotherhood.
B.His motivation for bringing the Brotherhood into the American Federation of Labor.
C.The influence he had on the passage of legislation overturning race restrictions in 1944.
D.The influence he had on the passage of legislation to bar companies from financing their own unions.
第1题:C
第2题:D
第3题:B
第4题:C
第5题:B
第1题:
【选项释义】
According to the passage, by 1935 the skepticism of Black workers toward unions was ____. 根据这篇文章，到1935年，黑人工人对工会的怀疑____。
A. unchanged except among Black employees of railroad-related industries A. 是不变的除了铁路相关行业的黑人雇员外
B. reinforced by the actions of the Pullman Company’s union B. 是被普尔曼公司工会的行动加强的
C. mitigated by the efforts of Randolph C. 是通过伦道夫的努力被减轻的
D. weakened by the opening up of many unions to Black workers D. 是由于许多工会向黑人工人开放而被削弱的
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段最后“伦道夫在这场斗争中的努力帮助改变了黑人工人对工会和他们自己作为一个可识别群体的态度；最后，伦道夫帮助削弱了工会对黑人工人的敌对情绪（Randolph helped to weaken organized labor’s antagonism toward Black workers）。”这种敌对情绪的削弱可以推断黑人对工会的怀疑态度被削弱。因此选C。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“是不变的除了铁路相关行业的黑人雇员外”，根据推断可知，这种怀疑是被削弱了而不是不变的，该选项属于反向干扰；
B选项“是被普尔曼公司工会的行动加强的”，根据推断可知这种怀疑被削弱了而不是加强的，该选项属于反向干扰；
D选项“是由于许多工会向黑人工人开放而被削弱的”，文章并没有说许多工会开放，该选项属于无中生有。
第2题:
【选项释义】
In using the word “understandable” (Para.2), the author most clearly conveys ____.
在使用“understandable”这个词时（第2段），作者最清楚地表达了____。
A. sympathy with attempts by the Brotherhood between 1925 and 1935 to establish an independent union A. 对兄弟会在1925年至1935年间建立独立联盟的企图表示同情
B. concern that the obstacles faced by Randolph between 1925 and 1935 were indeed formidable B. 对伦道夫在1925年至1935年间所面临的障碍确实是可怕的担忧
C. ambivalence about the significance of unions to most Black workers in the 1920s C. 20世纪20年代大多数黑人工人对工会意义的矛盾心理
D. appreciation of the attitude of many Black workers in the 1920s toward unions D. 对20世纪20年代许多黑人工人对工会的态度的理解
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据出处提示词Paragraph 2与题干信息词most previous surveys可定位到第二段“第一个原因是黑人工人对工会的怀疑态度，这是可以理解的（understandable），因为工会历来禁止黑人工人加入工会。”因为工会禁止黑人加入，所以黑人对工会有怀疑态度，这是可以理解的。因此选D。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“对兄弟会在1925年至1935年间建立独立联盟的企图表示同情”，文中没有体现，该选项属于无中生有；
B选项“对伦道夫在1925年至1935年间所面临的障碍确实是可怕的担忧”，文中可以理解的是理解黑人工人对工会的怀疑态度而非该选项所指的含义，该选项属于张冠李戴；
C选项“20世纪20年代大多数黑人工人对工会意义的矛盾心理”，文中没有体现，该选项属于无中生有。
第3题:
【选项释义】
The passage suggests which of the following about the response of porters to the Pullman Company’s own union? 这篇文章暗示了搬运工对普尔曼公司自己的工会的反应是什么?
A. Few porters ever joined this union. A. 很少有搬运工加入这个工会。
B. Some porters supported this union before 1935. B. 1935年之前，一些搬运工支持这个联盟。
C. Porters, more than other Pullman employees, enthusiastically supported this union. C. 搬运工比普尔曼的其他雇员更热心地支持这个工会。
D. The porters’ response was most positive after 1935. D. 1935年后，搬运工们的反应最为积极。
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第二段“另一个障碍是普尔曼自己组建的工会，它削弱了黑人工人对独立实体的支持（weakened support among Black workers for an independent entity）。”可推断这里的independent entity指的就是兄弟会。因此，在兄弟会正式代表porters之前，应该是有一些人支持了普尔曼自己的工会。因此选B。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“很少有搬运工加入这个工会。”，根据推断可知有一些人加入了普尔曼的工会，该选项属于反向干扰；
C选项“搬运工比普尔曼的其他雇员更热心地支持这个工会。”，文中没有体现，该选项属于无中生有；
D选项“1935年后，搬运工们的反应最为积极。”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。
第4题:
【选项释义】
The passage suggests that if the grievances of porters in one part of the United States had been different from those of porters in another part of the country, which of the following would have been the case? 文章指出，如果美国一个地区的搬运工的不满与该国另一个地区的搬运工的不满不同，那么以下哪一种情况会是这种情况？
A. It would have been more difficult for the Pullman Company to have had a single labor policy. A. 对普尔曼公司来说，实行单一的劳工政策会更加困难。
B. It would have been more difficult for the Brotherhood to control its channels of communication. B. 对兄弟会来说，控制其沟通渠道将会更加困难。
C. It would have been more difficult for the Brotherhood to build its membership. C. 对兄弟会来说，建立成员会更加困难。
D. It would have been easier for the Pullman Company’s union to attract membership.
D. 普尔曼公司的工会本来可以更容易地吸引会员。
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据出处提示词与题干信息可定位到第三段“搬运工是一个同质的群体，为一个雇主工作，实行单一的劳工政策，因此在各个城市都有同样的不满（sharing the same grievances from city to city），这也加强了兄弟会，也鼓励了种族认同和团结。”由此可知同样的不满会加强兄弟会，由此可推断不同的不满会很难建立兄弟会。因此选C。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“对普尔曼公司来说，实行单一的劳工政策会更加困难。”，文章提到“搬运工是一个同质的群体，为一个雇主工作，实行单一的劳工政策” 并不是普尔曼公司，该选项属于张冠李戴；
B选项“对兄弟会来说，控制其沟通渠道将会更加困难。”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；
D选项“普尔曼公司的工会本来可以更容易地吸引会员。”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。
第5题:
【选项释义】
The passage supplies information concerning which of the following matters related to Randolph? 这篇文章提供了下列哪一件事与伦道夫有关的信息?
A. The steps he took to initiate the founding of the Brotherhood. A. 他为建立兄弟会所采取的步骤。
B. His motivation for bringing the Brotherhood into the American Federation of Labor.
B. 他将兄弟会纳入美国劳工联盟的动机。
C. The influence he had on the passage of legislation overturning race restrictions in 1944. C. 他对1944年推翻种族限制法案的通过的影响。
D. The influence he had on the passage of legislation to bar companies from financing their own unions. D. 他对通过立法禁止公司为自己的工会提供资金的影响。
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到最后一段“伦道夫并不满足于这一胜利，他将兄弟会纳入了美国劳工联盟（Randolph brought the Brotherhood into the American Federation of Labor），在那里，兄弟会与联盟中的其他105个工会平起平落。”因此选B。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“他为建立兄弟会所采取的步骤。”，文章第一段“当伦道夫担任卧车列车员兄弟会的领导时，他开始了一场为期十年的斗争”说明他只是兄弟会的领导，而并不是建立兄弟会，该选项属于过度推断；
C选项“他对1944年推翻种族限制法案的通过的影响。”，伦道夫并没有推翻种族限制法案，该选项属于无中生有；
D选项“他对通过立法禁止公司为自己的工会提供资金的影响。”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。
