Do women tend to devalue the worth of their work? Do they apply different standards to rewarding their own work more critically than they do to rewarding the work of others? These were the questions asked by Michigan State University psychologists Lawrence Messe and Charlene Callahan-Levy. Past experiments had shown that when women were asked to decide how much to pay themselves and other people for the same job, they paid themselves less. Following up on this finding, Messe and Callahan-Levy designed experiments to test several popular explanations of why women tend to get less in pay situations.
One theory the psychologists tested was that women judge their own work more harshly than that of others. The subjects for the experiment testing this theory were men and women from the Michigan State undergraduate student body. The job the subjects were asked to perform for pay was an opinion questionnaire requiring a number of short essays on campus-related issues. After completing the questionnaire, some subjects were given six dollars in bills and change and were asked to decide payment for themselves. Others were given the same amount and were asked to decide payment for another subject who had also completed the questionnaire.
The psychologists found that, as in earlier experiments, the women paid themselves less than the men paid themselves. They also found that the women paid themselves less than they paid other women and less than the men paid the women. The differences were substantial. The average paid to women by themselves was $2.97. The average paid to men by themselves was $4.06. The average paid to women by others was $4.37. In spite of the differences, the psychologists found that the men and the women in the experiment evaluated their own performances on the questionnaire about equally and better than the expected performances of others.
On the basis of these findings, Messe and Callahan-Levy concluded that women's attachment of a comparatively low monetary value to their work cannot be based entirely on their judgment of their own ability.
1. The experiment designed in the passage would be most relevant to the formulation (表述) of a theory concerning the ________.
2. How is the research of Messe and Callahan-Levy related to earlier experiments in the same field?
3. Which of the following statements is supported by the facts stated in the passage?
4. The work of Messe and Callahan-Levy tends to support which of the following notions?
5. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
问题1选项
A.generally lower salaries received by women workers in comparison to men
B.reluctance of some women to enter professions that are traditionally dominated by men
C.anxiety expressed by some women workers in dealing with male supervisors
D.prejudices often suffered by women in attempting to enter the workforce
问题2选项
A.It suggests a need to discard methods used in earlier experiments.
B.It tends to weaken the assumptions on which earlier experiments were designed.
C.It suggests that the problem revealed in earlier experiments may be more widespread than previously thought.
D.It helps to explain a phenomenon revealed in earlier experiments
问题3选项
A.Men tend to pay themselves more than they pay other men for the same work.
B.Women tend to pay men more than they pay other women for the same work.
C.Men tend to pay women less than they pay other men for the same work.
D.None of the above.
问题4选项
A.Women are generally less concerned with financial rewards for their work than men are.
B.Men are willing to pay women more than women are willing to pay themselves.
C.Payment for work should generally be directly related to the quality of the work.
D.Women judge their own work more crucially than they judge the work of men.
问题5选项
A.it is not always reliable to measure women’s ability by how much they earn
B.women would rather attach importance to sacrifices than ask for repayment for their work
C.women tend to assess their ability of work by their own self-worth rather than monetary values
D.women generally remain indifferent to how much money they should obtain from their work
第1题:A
第2题:D
第3题:D
第4题:B
第5题:A
1.【试题答案】A
【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第一段最后一句Messe and Callahan-Levy designed experiments to test several popular explanations of why women tend to get less in pay situations（Messe和Callahan-Levy设计了一些实验，以检验为什么女性的薪酬往往较低的几种流行学说），可知实验是为了验证女性工资普遍较低的相关话题，A选项“与男性相比，女性员工的工资普遍较低”正确。B选项“一些女性不愿意进入传统上由男性主导的职业”，C选项“一些女性员工在与男性主管打交道时表现出焦虑”和D选项“在试图进入职场时，女性经常遭受偏见”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。
2.【试题答案】D
【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句Past experiments had shown that…Following up on this finding, Messe and Callahan-Levy designed experiments to test several popular explanations of why women tend to get less in pay situations.（过去的实验表明……在这一发现的基础上，Messe和Callahan-Levy设计了一些实验，以检验为什么女性的薪酬往往较低的几种流行学说），结合第三段第一句as in earlier experiments…They also found that…（与之前的实验一样……他们还发现……），可知Messe和Callahan-Levy的实验是为了解释之前实验现象的原因，结果与之前的实验结果如出一辙，并且有进一步的发现，可以为先前的实验提供进一步的解释，D选项“有助于解释在之前实验中发现的现象”正确。A选项“表明有必要抛弃在之前实验中使用的方法”：文中没有提到早期实验的方法以及对此的看法，属于无中生有。B选项“倾向于削弱之前实验设计所依据的假设”：其结果印证了之前的假设，属于反向干扰。C选项“表明早期实验揭示的问题可能比以前认为的更广泛”：文中没有提到在早期实验之前的观点，属于无中生有。因此D选项正确。
3.【试题答案】D
【试题解析】推理判断题。A选项“做同样的工作，男性付给自己的报酬往往比别人的多”：文中没有对比男性给自己的和给其他人的金钱差异，属于无中生有。B选项“做同样的工作，女性往往付给男性的钱比给其他女性的多”：根据第三段第一二句the women paid themselves less than the men paid themselves…women paid themselves less than they paid other women and less than the men paid the women.（女性给自己的报酬低于男性给自己的报酬……女性给自己的报酬低于其他女性，也低于男性给女性的报酬），文中没有对比女性给其他女性和男性的报酬，属于无中生有。C选项“做同样的工作，男性付给女性的钱往往比给其他男性的少”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。D选项“以上都不是”：A、B、C选项都不正确，因此D选项正确。
4.【试题答案】B
【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第三段第二句the women paid themselves…less than the men paid the women（女性付给自己的钱比男性付给女性的少），可知男性付给女性的报酬比女性给自己的报酬高，B选项“男性愿意支付给女性的薪水要高于女性愿意支付给自己的薪水”正确。A选项“与男性相比，女性一般不太关心工作的经济报酬”：根据最后一段women's attachment of a comparatively low monetary value to their work（女性对其工作相对较低的金钱价值依恋），可知女性没有男性那么渴望较高的报酬，但不代表女性不关心自己得到的报酬是多少，属于推理过度。C选项“工作报酬一般应与工作质量直接相关”和D选项“女性评判自己的工作比男性的工作更重要”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。
5.【试题答案】A
【试题解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段women's attachment of a comparatively low monetary value to their work cannot be based entirely on their judgment of their own ability（女性对其工作相对较低的金钱价值依恋，不能完全基于她们对自己能力的判断），可知女性不那么追求高报酬，并不是因为能力低，A选项“用收入多少来衡量女性的能力并不总是可靠的”正确。B选项“妇女宁愿重视牺牲，也不愿要求对她们工作的回报”和D选项“女性通常对她们应该从工作中获得多少钱漠不关心”：虽然女性没有要求那么高的报酬，但不至于对钱漠不关心，愿意做出巨大的牺牲，属于推理过度。C选项“女性倾向于通过自我价值而不是金钱价值来评估自己的工作能力”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。
