The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.
Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.
Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.
1. In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms in order to ______.
2. According to the author, competition differs from conflict in that ______.
3. The phrase “function in the disservice of one another” (Para 1) most probably means “______”.
4. The author indicates in the passage that conflict ______.
5. The passage is probably intended to answer the question “______”.
问题1选项
A.argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societies
B.smooth out the conflicts in human societies
C.distinguish between two kinds of opposition
D.summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation
问题2选项
A.it results in war in most cases
B.it induces efforts to expand territory
C.it is a kind of opposition among social entities
D.it is essentially a struggle for existence
问题3选项
A.betray each other
B.harm one another
C.help to collaborate with each other
D.benefit one another
问题4选项
A.is an inevitable struggle resulting from competition
B.reflects the struggle among social animals
C.is an opposition among individual social entities
D.can be avoided
问题5选项
A.Is war inevitable?
B.Why is there conflict and competition?
C.Is conflict desirable?
D.Can competition lead to conflict?
第1题:C
第2题:D
第3题:B
第4题:D
第5题:A
第1题:
【选项释义】
In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms in order to ________. 在第一段,作者给出了一些术语的定义,以便________。
A. argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societies A. 论证动物社会和人类社会之间的相似性
B. smooth out the conflicts in human societies B. 消除人类社会中的冲突
C. distinguish between two kinds of opposition C. 区分两种对立
D. summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation D. 总结对立与合作的特点
【答案】C
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据文章第一段倒数第二句“这些定义是必要的,因为必须强调的是在一个资源有限的世界中,个人或群体之间的竞争是不可避免的,但冲突不是”可推断,作者在文章开头对竞争和冲突下定义的目的是为了指出这两者的区别,所以C项“区分两种对立”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A项“论证动物社会和人类社会之间的相似性”,文章的中心是为了解释冲突和竞争,A项表述与中心不符,属于曲解原文;
B项“消除人类社会中的冲突”,文章没有指出要消除人类社会的冲突,属于无中生有;
D项“总结对立与合作的特点”,文中没有对合作进行详细说明,该项属于曲解原文。
第2题:
【选项释义】
According to the author, competition differs from conflict in that ________. 作者认为,竞争与冲突的区别在于________。
A. it results in war in most cases A. 在大多数情况下,这会导致战争
B. it induces efforts to expand territory B. 这引发了扩张领土的努力
C. it is a kind of opposition among social entities C. 这是社会实体之间的一种对立
D. it is essentially a struggle for existence D. 这本质上是一场生存斗争
【答案】D
【考查点】细节事实题。
【解题思路】根据第二段前两句“许多作家根据动物世界为生存而进行的斗争中存在着适者生存的规律这一前提,论证战争是不可避免的。然而,一般来说,这种斗争在自然界中是竞争,而不是冲突。”可知,竞争和冲突的区别在于,竞争是为了生存而进行的斗争,所以D项“这本质上是一场生存的斗争”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A项“在大多数情况下,这会导致战争”在文章没有进行说明,属于无中生有;
B项“这引发了扩张领土的努力”根据最后一段最后一句“诚然,这种竞争可能导致以牺牲他人为代价的领土扩张,从而导致冲突”可知,这是竞争的结果,不是竞争和冲突的区别,该项属于曲解原文;
C项“这是社会实体之间的一种对立”这是竞争的定义,不是其区别,该项偷换概念。
第3题:
【选项释义】
The phrase “function in the disservice of one another” (Para 1) most probably means “________”. 第一段中的短语“function in the disservice of one another”最有可能是“________”的意思。
A. betray each other A. 互相背叛
B. harm one another B. 互相伤害
C. help to collaborate with each other C. 帮助彼此合作
D. benefit one another D. 互相受益
【答案】B
【考查点】词义推测题。
【解题思路】根据题干定位到文章的第一段第五句“冲突和竞争都是对立的范畴,对立被定义为社会实体相互损害(function in the disservice of one another)的过程”,结合第六句指出“因此,对立与合作形成对比,合作是社会实体相互服务(function in the service of one another)的过程”可知disservice是service的相反意思;因此可知disservice是带有负面感情色彩的词,所以可以推断disservice表示“帮倒忙的行为,伤害”等,故该题选择B项“互相伤害”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
C项“帮助彼此合作”和D项“互相受益”根据解题思路可知,这两项属于反向干扰;
A项“互相背叛”根据解题思路可知,属于曲解原文。
第4题:
【选项释义】
The author indicates in the passage that conflict ________. 作者在文中指出,冲突________。
A. is an inevitable struggle resulting from competition A. 是由于竞争而产生的一种不可避免的斗争
B. reflects the struggle among social animals B. 反映了群居动物之间的斗争
C. is an opposition among individual social entities C. 是个体社会实体之间的对立
D. can be avoided D. 可以避免
【答案】D
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据第一段最后两句“这些定义是必要的,因为必须强调的是,在一个资源有限的世界中,个人或群体之间的竞争是不可避免的,但冲突不是。然而,冲突很可能发生,而且可能是人类社会的一个基本和可取的因素。”可知,竞争的发生是不可避免的,但冲突不是不可避免的,也就是说冲突虽然可能发生,但是可以避免,所以该题选择D项“可以避免”。
【干扰项排除】
A项“是由于竞争而产生的一种不可避免的斗争”文章没有明确指出冲突是竞争导致的,而且文章指出冲突是可以避免的,该项曲解原文;
B项“反映了群居动物之间的斗争”根据第二段第二句“然而,一般来说,这种斗争在自然界中是竞争,而不是冲突”可知,竞争才反映了群居动物之间的斗争,该项曲解原文;
C项“是个体社会实体之间的对立”是冲突的定义,并不是作者的观点,属于出处错位。
第5题:
【选项释义】
The passage is probably intended to answer the question “________”. 这篇文章可能是要回答“________”这个问题。
A. Is war inevitable? A. 战争是不可避免的吗?
B. Why is there conflict and competition? B. 为什么会有冲突和竞争?
C. Is conflict desirable? C. 冲突是可取的吗?
D. Can competition lead to conflict? D. 竞争会导致冲突吗?
【答案】A
【考查点】主旨大意题。
【解题思路】文章开头给出了本文的中心问题“战争是否不可避免是世界上许多伟大作家所关心的问题”,然后文章最后一句话又强调了“不能说国家之间的战争式冲突是不可避免的,尽管竞争是不可避免的”,综合理解可知,这篇文章讨论的问题是“战争能够避免”,所以A项“战争不可避免吗?”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
B项“为什么会有冲突和竞争?”、C项“冲突是可取的吗?”和D项“竞争会导致冲突吗?”表述不够全面,属于以偏概全。
【文章来源】1996年英语六级真题
【参考译文】
战争是否不可避免是世界上许多伟大作家都关心的问题。在考虑这个问题之前,先介绍一些相关的概念是有用的。冲突被定义为社会实体之间针对彼此的对立,它区别于竞争,竞争被定义为社会实体之间独立地争取供应不足的东西的对立。竞争对手可能不知道对方,而冲突的双方却知道。冲突和竞争都是对立的范畴,对立被定义为社会实体在相互伤害中发挥作用的过程。因此,对立与合作形成对比,合作是社会实体相互服务的过程。这些定义是必要的,因为必须强调,在一个资源有限的世界里,个人或群体之间的竞争是不可避免的,而冲突却不是。然而,冲突是很可能发生的,而且可能是人类社会的一个必要和理想的因素。
许多作者认为战争是不可避免的,前提是在动物物种之间的生存斗争中,只有适者生存。然而,总的来说,自然界的这种斗争是竞争,而不是冲突。群居动物,如猴子和牛,为了赢得或维持群体的领导地位而斗争。为生存而进行的斗争不是发生在这种争斗中,而是发生在对有限的喂养区域的竞争和对没有食肉动物的占领区域的竞争中。那些在竞争中失败的物种就会饿死或成为其他物种的受害者。这种为生存而进行的斗争不像人类的战争,而是为不足以满足所有物种的生活必需品而进行的竞争。
国家之间在开发资源、贸易、技能和令人满意的生活方式方面存在竞争。成功的国家成长和繁荣;不成功的国家则衰退。虽然这种竞争确实可能诱发以牺牲他人利益为代价来扩大领土,从而导致冲突,但不能说国家之间类似战争的冲突是不可避免的,尽管竞争是不可避免的。