Junk food is everywhere. We’re eating way too much of it. Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway.
So here’s a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation: Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold and how it’s displayed?
“Many policy measures to control obesity (肥胖症) assume that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat and therefore focus on providing information and more access to healthier foods,” note the two researchers.
“In contrast,” the researchers continue, “many regulations that don’t assume people make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol, a substance—like food—of which immoderate consumption leads to serious health problems.”
The research references studies of people’s behavior with food and alcohol and results of alcohol restrictions, and then lists five regulations that the researchers think might be promising if applied to junk foods. Among them:
Density restrictions: licenses to sell alcohol aren’t handed out unplanned to all comers but are allotted (分配) based on the number of places in an area that already sell alcohol. These make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.
Similarly, the researchers say, being presented with junk food stimulates our desire to eat it. So why not limit the density of food outlets, particularly ones that sell food rich in empty calories? And why not limit sale of food in places that aren’t primarily food stores?
Display and sales restrictions: California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations, and in most places you can’t buy alcohol at drive-through facilities. At supermarkets, food companies pay to have their wares in places where they’re easily seen. One could remove junk food to the back of the store and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines. The other measures include restricting portion sizes, taxing and prohibiting special price deals for junk foods, and placing warning labels on the products.
1. What does the author say about junk food?
2. What do the Rand researchers think of many of the policy measures to control obesity?
3. Why do policymakers of alcohol control place density restrictions?
4. What is the purpose of California’s rule about alcohol display in gas stations?
5. What is the general guideline the Rand researchers suggest about junk food control?
问题1选项
A.Its temptation is too strong for people to resist.
B.It is widely consumed despite its ill reputation.
C.People should be educated not to eat too much.
D.It causes more harm than is generally realized.
问题2选项
A.They should be implemented effectively.
B.They provide misleading information.
C.They are based on wrong assumptions.
D.They help people make rational choices.
问题3选项
A.Few people are able to resist alcohol’s temptations.
B.There are already too many stores selling alcohol.
C.Drinking strong alcohol can cause social problems.
D.Easy access leads to customers’ over-consumption.
问题4选项
A.To effectively limit the density of alcohol outlets.
B.To get alcohol out of drivers’ immediate sight.
C.To help drivers to give up the habit of drinking.
D.To prevent possible jams in nearby areas.
问题5选项
A.Guiding people to make rational choices about food.
B.Enhancing people’s awareness of their own health.
C.Borrowing ideas from alcohol control measures.
D.Resorting to economic, legal and psychological means.
第1题:A
第2题:C
第3题:D
第4题:B
第5题:C
第1题:
【选项释义】
What does the author say about junk food? 关于垃圾食品,作者说了什么?
A. Its temptation is too strong for people to resist. A. 它的吸引力太大了,人们无法抗拒。
B. It is widely consumed despite its ill reputation. B. 尽管名声不好,但它仍被广泛食用。
C. People should be educated not to eat too much. C. 人们应该被教育不要吃得太多。
D. It causes more harm than is generally realized. D. 它造成的危害比人们普遍认为的要大。
【答案】A
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据第一段内容“垃圾食品到处都是。我们吃得太多了。我们大多数人都知道自己在做什么,但我们还是做了。”可知,垃圾食品对人们的吸引力实在是太强,以至于人们无法抵挡,A项“它的吸引力太大了,人们无法抗拒”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
B项“尽管名声不好,但它仍被广泛食用”中的ill reputation(名声不好)没有提到,该项属于无中生有;
C项“人们应该被教育不要吃得太多”和D项“它造成的危害比人们普遍认为的要大”也没有提到,这两项属于无中生有。
第2题:
【选项释义】
What do the Rand researchers think of many of the policy measures to control obesity? 兰德公司的研究人员对许多控制肥胖的政策措施有何看法?
A. They should be implemented effectively. A. 它们应得到有效执行。
B. They provide misleading information. B. 它们提供误导信息。
C. They are based on wrong assumptions. C. 它们基于错误的假设。
D. They help people make rational choices. D. 它们帮助人们做出理性的选择。
【答案】C
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干定位至第三段,该段提到“许多控制肥胖的政策措施都假定人们会有意识地、理智地选择吃什么、吃多少,因此会注重提供信息和更多获得健康食品的途径”,而第四段进一步提到“相比之下,那些没有假定人们会做出理智选择的规章条例在控酒方面取得了成功”综合理解可知,很多控制肥胖症的政策措施都是基于错误的假设前提下,C项“它们基于错误的假设”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A项“它们应得到有效执行”根据解题思路可知,控制肥胖的政策措施基于一个错误的假设前提,更不能有效执行了,该项属于反向干扰;
B项“它们提供误导信息”,不是提供错误信息,而是假设错误,该项属于曲解原文;
D项“它们帮助人们做出理性的选择”,原文不是help,而是assume,该项属于曲解原文。
第3题:
【选项释义】
Why do policymakers of alcohol control place density restrictions? 为什么酒精控制政策制定者要限制密度?
A. Few people are able to resist alcohol’s temptations. A. 很少有人能抗拒酒的诱惑。
B. There are already too many stores selling alcohol. B. 卖酒的商店已经太多了。
C. Drinking strong alcohol can cause social problems. C. 喝烈性酒会引起社会问题。
D. Easy access leads to customers’ over-consumption. D. 容易得到酒会导致消费者过度消费。
【答案】D
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据倒数第三段的内容“销售酒类的许可证不会在没有计划的情况下发给所有的顾客,而是根据一个地区已经销售酒精的地方的数量来分配。这(酒精密度限制)使得酒不易获得(less easy to get),也减少了饮酒的心理暗示。”可知,如果酒类饮品购买途径不简单,就会减少消费者购买酒类饮品的数量从而减少饮酒,那么可以推断,酒精控制政策限制密度是为了让消费者不易获得酒类饮品,从而阻止过度消费,最终减少人们购买酒类饮品的数量,所以D项“容易得到酒会导致消费者过度消费”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A项“很少有人能抗拒酒的诱惑”和C项“喝烈性酒会引起社会问题”没提到,这两项属于无中生有;
B项“卖酒的商店已经太多了”不是密度限制的原因,该项属于曲解原文。
第4题:
【选项释义】
What is the purpose of California’s rule about alcohol display in gas stations? 加州规定禁止在加油站展示酒类饮料的目的是什么?
A. To effectively limit the density of alcohol outlets. A. 有效地限制酒类出口的密度。
B. To get alcohol out of drivers’ immediate sight. B. 把酒从司机的视线中移开。
C. To help drivers to give up the habit of drinking. C. 帮助司机改掉酗酒的习惯。
D. To prevent possible jams in nearby areas. D. 防止附近地区可能出现的交通堵塞。
【答案】B
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干定位至最后一段的内容“加州有一项规定,禁止在加油站收银台附近展示酒类饮料,而且在大多数地方,你不能在免下车商店买到酒类饮料。在超市,食品公司花钱把他们的商品放在容易看到的地方。人们可以把垃圾食品移到商店的后面,并禁止它们在收银台排队结账……”,可知,此处提到在超市里,垃圾食品一般展示在货架的后面,是为了让人们尽可能少的看见垃圾食品,同样,加州规定加油站不能展示酒类饮品,也是为了让司机不看见它们,即把酒类饮品淡出人们的视线,B项“把酒从司机的视线中移开”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A项“有效地限制酒类出口的密度”,并不是限制出口,而是限制销售,该项属于曲解原文;
C项“帮助司机改掉酗酒的习惯”,限制酒类饮品展示只能减少饮酒的心理暗示,并不能改掉酗酒习惯,该项属于曲解原文;
D项“防止附近地区可能出现的交通堵塞”没有提到,该项属于无中生有。
第5题:
【选项释义】
What is the general guideline the Rand researchers suggest about junk food control? 关于垃圾食品的控制,兰德公司的研究人员提出了什么总体指导方针?
A. Guiding people to make rational choices about food. A. 引导人们对食物做出理性的选择。
B. Enhancing people’s awareness of their own health. B. 提高人们对自身健康的意识。
C. Borrowing ideas from alcohol control measures. C. 借鉴酒精控制措施。
D. Resorting to economic, legal and psychological means. D. 采取经济、法律和心理手段。
【答案】C
【考查点】细节事实题。
【解题思路】根据关键词the Rand定位至第二段的内容“兰德公司的两位研究人员提出了一个建议:为什么不从酒精控制政策中吸取教训,把它们应用到食品的销售地点和展示方式上呢?”,从中理解可知,关于垃圾食品的控制兰德公司的研究人员建议借鉴酒精的控制政策,C项“借鉴酒精控制措施”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A项“引导人们对食物做出理性的选择”和B项“提高人们对自身健康的意识”,根据原文第三、四段内容可知,控制肥胖的政策措施是基于一个错误的假设前提,引导人们对食物做出理性的选择和提高人们对自身健康的意识也是控制肥胖的政策措施之一,所以这两项并不是控制垃圾食品的好办法,属于反向干扰;
D项“采取经济、法律和心理手段”中的经济手段在原文没有提到,该项属于曲解原文。
【文章来源】2013年英语六级真题
【参考译文】
垃圾食品无处不在。我们吃得太多了。我们大多数人都知道自己在做什么,但我们还是做了。
因此,兰德公司的两名研究人员提出了一个建议:为什么不从酒精控制政策中吸取教训,把它们应用到食品销售地点和展示方式上呢?
两位研究人员指出:“许多控制肥胖的政策措施都假定人们有意识地、理性地选择他们吃什么、吃多少,因此专注于提供信息和更多获得健康食品的途径。”
“相比之下,”研究人员继续说,“许多不认为人们会做出理性选择的规定已经成功地应用于控制酒精,这种物质与食物一样,过度摄入会导致严重的健康问题。”
这项研究参考了人们对食物和酒精的行为的研究,以及酒精限制的结果,然后列出了研究人员认为如果应用于垃圾食品可能很有前途的五条规定。其中包括:
密度限制:卖酒执照不会毫无计划地发给所有来客,而是根据一个地区已经卖酒的地方的数量来分配。这些措施使酒不那么容易获得,并减少了饮酒的心理暗示。
同样地,研究人员说,看到垃圾食品会刺激我们吃它的欲望。所以为什么不限制食品店的密度,尤其是那些出售高空热量食物的店呢?为什么不在非食品店的地方限制食品销售呢?
展示和销售限制:加州有一条规定,禁止在加油站的收银台附近展示酒类,而且在大多数地方,你不能在免下车设施买到酒类。在超市,食品公司花钱把商品放在容易看到的地方。人们可以把垃圾食品移到商店后面,禁止它们出现在收银台的货架上。其他措施包括限制份量、对垃圾食品征税并禁止特价,以及在产品上贴警告标签。