Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.
This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or―independently of any course―simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.
We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it. That population has in recent years come to comprise incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far from being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of the human race equally.
We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.
1.According to the passage, scientific subculture means ____.
2.We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because ____.
3.The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who ____.
4.According to this passage, ____.
5.This passage most probably is ____.
问题1选项
A.cultural groups that are formed by scientists
B.people whose knowledge of science is very limited
C.the scientific community
D.people who make good contribution to science
问题2选项
A.it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate scientists
B.science affects almost every aspect of our life
C.scientists live in a specific subculture
D.it is easier to understand general characteristics of science
问题3选项
A.are intelligent college students and lay person who do not know much about science
B.are good at producing various gadgets
C.work in a storehouse of dried facts
D.want to have a superficial understanding of science
问题4选项
A.English is a sexist language
B.only in the scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly
C.women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our language
D.male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists
问题5选项
A.a book review
B.the preface of a book
C.the postscript of a book
D.the concluding part of a book
第1题:C
第2题:B
第3题:A
第4题:D
第5题:B
1.【选项释义】
According to the passage, scientific subculture means ____. 根据文章,科学亚文化意味着 ______。
A. cultural groups that are formed by scientists A. 由科学家组成的文化团体
B. people whose knowledge of science is very limited B. 那些科学知识非常有限的人
C. the scientific community C. 科学社区
D. people who make good contribution to science D. 对科学有贡献的人
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息词scientific subculture可定位到Para.1第三句,该处讲到“亚文化(subculture)是科学家生活的地方”。可以推断科学亚文化就是一个社区。故C项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“由科学家组成的文化团体”,属于无中生有;
B选项“那些科学知识非常有限的人”属于无中生有;
D选项“对科学有贡献的人”属于无中生有。
2. 【选项释义】
We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because ____. 我们需要了解科学的结构和运作,因为 ____。
A. it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate scientists A. 要理解那些使科学家激动和沮丧的事情是不容易的
B. science affects almost every aspect of our life. B. 科学影响着我们生活的方方面面
C. scientists live in a specific subculture C. 科学家生活在一个特定的亚文化中
D. it is easier to understand general characteristics of science D. 这样更容易理解科学的一般特征
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息词science affects aspect of our life可定位到Para.1第二句,该处讲到“由于它几乎涉及我们生活的方方面面,受过教育的人至少需要对它的结构和运作有所了解。(Since it touches almost every facet of our life)”。这里的it指代上一句中的science,即科学涉及到方方面面。比对选项,B选项恰好是此信息的同义转换,因此B选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“要理解那些使科学家激动和沮丧的事情是不容易的”,文中提到如果一个人知道那些使科学家激动不已和灰心丧气的东西,就比较容易理解科学的一般特征以及具体的科学概念。该选项偷换概念;
C选项“科学家生活在一个特定的亚文化中”,属于无中生有;
D选项“这样更容易理解科学的一般特征”,文中讲到如果一个人知道那些使科学家激动不已和灰心丧气的东西,才会比较容易理解科学的一般特征。这里属于张冠李戴。
3. 【选项释义】
The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who ____. 这篇文章中提到的书是为那些 ____ 的读者。
A. are intelligent college students and lay person who do not know much about science A. 聪明的大学生和不懂科学的外行
B. are good at producing various gadgets B. 擅长生产各种小玩意(的人)
C. work in a storehouse of dried facts C. 在干巴巴的事实仓库里工作(的人)
D. want to have a superficial understanding of science D. 想要对科学有一个肤浅的理解(的人)
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到Para.2第一句,该处明确表示这本书是为那些对科学了解肤浅的聪明的学生或外行而写的(for the intelligent student or lay person)。比对选项,A选项恰好是此信息的同义转换,因此A选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“擅长生产各种小玩意(的人)”,属于无中生有;
C选项“在干巴巴的事实仓库里工作(的人)”,属于无中生有;
D选项“想要对科学有一个肤浅的理解(的人)”,文中说到的是学生和外行而写,他们对科学的认识肤浅。而不是想要对科学有肤浅认识的人写。这里属于偷换概念。
4. 【选项释义】
According to this passage, ____. 根据文章,____。
A. English is a sexist language A. 英语是一种隐含性别歧视的语言
B. only in the scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly B. 只有在科学领域,女性的作用才迅速增加
C. women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our language C. 妇女正在为消除我们语言的不足作出重大贡献
D. male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists D. 男性名词或代词不应该用来指代科学家
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】Para.3中可知我们用男性的名词代指未指明的人(uses male nouns or pronouns),为了消除这种歧视,我们采取了措施。也就是说我们不应该用男性名词或代词指未指明的人,其中也包含科学家。比对选项,D选项恰好是此信息的同义转换,因此D选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“英语是一种隐含性别歧视的语言”,文中只是说随着越来越多的妇女进入传统上由男子主导的领域并做出重大贡献,这一人口已成为社会各阶层中明显趋势的一部分。然而,在讨论这些变化和贡献时,我们面对的是一种隐含性别歧视的语言。A选项过度推断;
B选项“只有在科学领域,女性的作用才迅速增加”,文中提到越来越多的女性进入科学领域。B选项属于无中生有;
C选项“妇女正在为消除我们语言的不足作出重大贡献”,文中提到越来越多的妇女进入传统上由男子主导的领域并作出重大贡献。并没说在消除语言不足方面。C选项无中生有。
5. 【选项释义】
This passage most probably is ____. 这一段很可能是 ____。
A. a book review A. 一个书评
B. the preface of a book B. 一本书的序言
C. the postscript of a book C. 一本书的附言
D. the concluding part of a book D. 书的结尾部分
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据Para.2“这本书是为……而写”(This book is written for)以及最后一段“我们还努力使这本书既有娱乐性又有知识性(tried to make the book entertaining)”可知这篇文章是一个序言。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“一个书评”,如果是书评的话会写书的好处或者坏处;
C选项“一本书的附言”,如果是附言,则会进行补充说明;
D选项“书的结尾部分”,书的结尾应该会对整本书进行一个结论说明。
A、C、D均不正确。