Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expression the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression: “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.” That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who had committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.
Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the causes of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done.
Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.
1.The best title for this passage is( ).
2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the( ) .
3.The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be( ) .
4.The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to( ).
问题1选项
A.Fitting Punishment to the Crime
B.Approaches to Just Punishment
C.Improvement in Legal Justice
D.Attaining Justice in the Courts
问题2选项
A.type of crime that was proven
B.severity of the punishment
C.reason for the sentence
D.outcome of the trial
问题3选项
A.forced labour
B.imprisonment
C.fair sentence
D.the electric chair
问题4选项
A.prove that equality demands just punishment
B.justify the need for punishment as a part of law
C.give moral back to retributive justice
D.show that man has long been interested in justice
第1题:
1.【选项释义】
1. The best title for this passage is ______. 1. 这篇文章最好的题目是______。
A. Fitting Punishment to the Crime A. 对罪行的适当惩罚
B. Approaches to Just Punishment B. 公正惩罚的方法
C. Improvement in Legal Justice C. 加强司法公正
D. Attaining Justice in the Courts D. 在法庭上获得公正
【考查点】主旨大意题。
【解题思路】首先定位文章段落中心句,第一段首句“社会的正义必须包括对被告的公平审判和对被证明有罪的人选择适当的惩罚”,第二段首句“现代法学家试图用纠正正义的概念来取代报应正义”以及第三段首句“只有那些无法治愈的罪犯才应该与社会的其他部分永久隔离”;然后,文章的行文结构是总分结构,也就是说第一段中心句为文章的主旨,即公正惩罚的途径,所以B项“公正惩罚的方法”符合文章主旨。
【干扰项排除】A项“对罪行的适当惩罚”、C项“加强司法公正”和D项“在法庭上获得公正”都是以偏概全。
第2题:
2.【选项释义】
2. The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the ______. 2. 这篇文章暗示了报应正义和纠正正义的根本区别是______。
A. type of crime that was proven A. 被证实的犯罪类型
B. severity of the punishment B. 惩罚的严厉程度
C. reason for the sentence C. 判刑的原因
D. outcome of the trial D. 审判的结果
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据关键词retributive justice和corrective justice定位至文章第二段,第二和第三句提到“后者(纠正正义)的目的不是要放弃平等的概念,而是要找到一种更适当的方式来表达它。它试图保持这样一种理念(It tries to preserve the idea),即每个人都有平等的机会去实现自己最好的一面。”,从中可知,两种司法审判类型不同的根本原因在于司法理念的不同,所以两者之间最主要的差异应该是判刑的原因。故该题选择C项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A项“被证实的犯罪类型”和D项“审判的结果”没有提及,无中生有;
B项“惩罚的严厉程度”是德国唯心主义者黑格尔的观点,与题干无关,张冠李戴。
第3题:
3.【选项释义】
3. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be ______. 3. 最不符合纠正正义观点的惩罚是______。
A. forced labor A. 强迫劳动
B. imprisonment B. 监禁
C. fair sentence C. 公平判决
D. the electric chair D. 电椅
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据corrective justice可以定位到第二段对corrective justice的描述:它试图保持这样一种理念,即每个人都有平等的机会去实现自己最好的一面。罪犯被认为患有社会疾病,需要治疗,以使他成为社会的正常成员。在进行治疗之前,必须找出他反社会行为的原因。如果原因可以消除,就必须做出规定来做到这一点。从中可知,根据“corrective justice”的理论,要先找出犯人犯罪的原因并想办法消除它;对犯人可以采取严厉的惩罚,但惩罚是为使犯人改过,不是为了使其得到相应的报应,四个选项中D项“电椅”是极端的做法,不符合此理论。故该题选择D项正确。
【干扰项排除】A项“强迫劳动”、B项“监禁”和C项“公平判决”都符合纠正正义的理论,属于反向干扰。
第4题:
4.【选项释义】
4. The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order ______. 4.《圣经》中的表达“以眼还眼,以牙还牙”是为了______。
A. prove that equality demands just punishment A. 证明平等需要公正的惩罚
B. justify the need for punishment as a part of law B. 证明惩罚是法律的一部分
C. give moral back to retributive justice C. 将道德还给报应正义
D. show that man has long been interested in justice D. 表明人类长期以来对正义很感兴趣
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干定位第一段第二和第三句“由于正义被视为平等的一种形式,我们在它的早期表达中发现了惩罚等于犯罪的想法(we find in its earlier expression the idea of a punishment equal to the crime)。《圣经》中有这样一种说法:‘以眼还眼,以牙还牙。’”,从中得知,正义在很久以前就已经以另外一种形式出现,即惩罚等于犯罪;在这里作者没有表达或反驳任何观点,只是做了介绍说明;综合理解可知,文章中使用《圣经》中的表达“以眼还眼,以牙还牙”是为了表明人类长期以来对正义很感兴趣。故该题选择D项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A项“证明平等需要公正的惩罚”没有体现,无中生有;
B项“证明惩罚是法律的一部分”表述错误,惩罚只是对现代法律文件和程序的许多部分的反映,而不是其中一部分,曲解原文;
C项“将道德还给报应正义”是第二段内容,与题干无关,张冠李戴。