In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer—government or private—should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women’s earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs’ results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14. 6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal.
In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of white male and female workers from the 1970 census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Brown’s research design was controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanation of the study’s results. Brown’s results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.
One can infer from Brown’s results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.
Brown’s results are clearly consistent with Fuchs’ argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better work for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discriminating is not having as much effect on women’s earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.
1.The passage mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employed women may encounter except( )
2.Which of the following conclusions would the author be most likely to agree with about discrimination against women by private employers and by government employers?
3.A study of the practices of financial institutions that revealed no discrimination against self-employed women would tend to contradict ( ).
4.According to Brown's study, women’s earning categories occur in orders, from the highest earnings to the lowest earnings.
问题1选项
A.discrimination from consumers and suppliers
B.discrimination from financial institutions
C.problems in obtaining good employees
D.problems in obtaining government assistance
问题2选项
A.Both private employers and government employers discriminate with equal effects on women’s earnings.
B.Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by private employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings.
C.Both private employers and government employers discriminate,but the discrimination by government employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings.
D.Private employers discriminate: it is possible that government employers discriminate.
问题3选项
A.some tentative results of Fuchs’ study
B.some explicit results of Brown’s study
C.a suggestion made by the author
D.Fuchs hypothesis
问题4选项
A.government employment, self-employment, private employment
B.government employment, private employment, self-employment
C.private employment, self-employment, government employment
D.private employment,government employment, self-employment
第1题:
1.【选项释义】
1. The passage mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employed women may encounter except ______. 1. 文中列举了除了______以外的女性个体经营者可能遇到的困难。
A. discrimination from consumers and suppliers A. 来自消费者和供应商的歧视
B. discrimination from financial institutions B. 来自金融机构的歧视
C. problems in obtaining good employees C. 获得优秀员工的问题
D. problems in obtaining government assistance D. 在获得政府援助方面的问题
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据第三段的内容“……消费者歧视个体经营的女性。此外,自主创业的女性可能比男性更难找到好员工,并可能遭遇供应商和金融机构的歧视。”,从中可知,女性个体经营者会碰到困难包括消费者、供应商和金融机构的歧视,以及更难找到好员工,只有D项“在获得政府援助方面的问题”没有提到。因此,该题选择D项正确。
【干扰项排除】A项“来自消费者和供应商的歧视”、B项“来自金融机构的歧视”和C项“获得优秀员工的问题”根据解题思路可知,这三项符合原文,属于反向干扰。
第2题:
2.【选项释义】
2. Which of the following conclusions would the author be most likely to agree with about discrimination against women by private employers and by government employers? 2. 关于私人雇主和政府雇主对女性的歧视,下列哪个结论作者最可能同意?
A. Both private employers and government employers discriminate with equal effects on women’s earnings. A. 私营雇主和政府雇主对女性的歧视都对妇女的收入产生了相同的影响。
B. Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by private employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings. B. 私人雇主和政府雇主都存在歧视,但私人雇主的歧视对女性的收入影响更大。
C. Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by government employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings. C. 私人雇主和政府雇主都存在歧视,但政府雇主的歧视对女性的收入影响更大。
D. Private employers discriminate; it is possible that government employers discriminate. D. 私人雇主歧视;政府雇主也有可能歧视。
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据第一段的第三和第四句“歧视程度的不同会导致与雇主类型有关的收入差异。根据政府和私人雇主的性质来看,私人雇主更有可能采取歧视。”可知,政府和私人雇主都有歧视,但是私人雇主的歧视对女性的收入影响更大,所以作者更有可能同意B项“私人雇主和政府雇主都存在歧视,但私人雇主的歧视对女性的收入影响更大”的结论。
【干扰项排除】
A项“私营雇主和政府雇主对女性的歧视都对女性的收入产生了相同的影响”根据第一段第五句“如果女性受到歧视,与女性在私营企业就业所得相比,政府就业将对女性的收入产生积极的影响”可知,政府雇主和私营雇主对女性的收入有不同的影响,该项不符合原文,属于反向干扰;
C项“私人雇主和政府雇主都存在歧视,但政府雇主的歧视对女性的收入影响更大”根据解题思路可知,该项不符合原文,属于反向干扰;
D项“私人雇主歧视;政府雇主也有可能歧视”,原文中提到私人雇主和政府雇主都会歧视,该项中的possible与原文不符合,属于曲解原文。
第3题:
3.【选项释义】
3. A study of the practices of financial institutions that revealed no discrimination against self-employed women would tend to contradict ______. 3. 一项对金融机构实践的研究表明,对女性自营者没有歧视,这往往与______相矛盾。
A. some tentative results of Fuchs’ study A. 福克斯的一些初步研究结果
B. some explicit results of Brown’s study B. 布朗研究的一些明确结果
C. a suggestion made by the author C. 作者提出的建议
D. Fuchs’ hypothesis D. 福克斯的假设
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据第三段的内容“从布朗的研究结果可以推断出……自主创业的女性可能比男性更难找到好员工,并可能遭遇供应商和金融机构的歧视”可知,布朗的研究结果表明金融机构会歧视女性自营者,这与金融机构关于对女性自营者没有歧视的实践的研究相矛盾。因此,该题选择B项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A项“福克斯的一些初步研究结果”和D项“福克斯的假设”没有提到金融机构对女性的歧视,属于张冠李戴;
C项“作者提出的建议”文中没有提及,属于无中生有。
第4题:
4.【选项释义】
4. According to Brown’s study, women’s earning categories occur in orders, from the highest earnings to the lowest earnings, are ______. 4. 根据布朗的研究,女性的收入按收入最高到最低的顺序排列,分别是______。
A. government employment, self-employment, private employment A. 政府雇佣,个体经营,私营雇佣
B. government employment, private employment, self-employment B. 政府雇佣,私营雇佣,个体经营
C. private employment, self-employment, government employment C. 私营雇佣,个体经营,政府雇佣
D. private employment, government employment, self-employment D. 私营雇佣,政府雇佣,个体经营
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据第二段最后两句“对于男性来说,个体经营是收入最高的行业,其次是私营雇佣,政府雇佣最低。对于女性来说,这个顺序是相反的。”,从中可知,女性的收入按最高到最低的顺序与男性正好相反,那么女性的收入排列是:政府雇佣,私人雇佣,个体经营。因此,该题选择B项正确。
【干扰项排除】A项“政府雇佣,个体经营,私营雇佣”、C项“私营雇佣,个体经营,政府雇佣”和D项“私营雇佣,政府雇佣,个体经营”,根据解题思路可知,都不正确,属于曲解原文。