All the characteristics and abilities a person acquires and all developmental changes result from two basic. Though complex processes: learning and maturation. Since the two processes almost always interact, it is difficult to separate their effects from each other or to specify the relative contribution of each to a child’s development. Clearly, growth in height is not learned but depends on maturation, a biological process. But improvements in motor activities such as walking depend on maturation and learning, and the interaction between them.
What, then, are maturation and learning? All definitions of maturation stress organic processes or structural changes occurring within an individual’s body that are relatively independent of external environmental conditions, experiences, or practice. By maturation it is meant development of the organism as a function of time, or age.
Learning generally refers to changes in behavior or performance as a consequence of experience. Learning is the process by which an activity originates or is changed through training procedures as distinguished from changes not attributable to training.
A number of important and stimulating theories of learning have been proposed, each with its own set of principles and hypotheses for explaining the learning process. For our purposes, we do not need to be concerned with the specific details of the learning process, even though learning plays the most important role in most aspects of development and change. We shall employ only a few generally accepted principles of learning in this discussion.
Specifically, we accept the principle that a child will learn a response more effectively and more thoroughly if he is motivated to learn it. Moreover, he will learn a response better if he is rewarded for learning it. According to this view, the more a response is rewarded, the stronger it becomes and the more likely it is to be repeated. Although most learning involves motivation and reward. I believe some learning does occur without them.
1.According to the passage, learning_________.
2.A child’s development depends on_________.
3.In the author’s opinion_________.
4.According to the passage, maturation means_________.
5.The last sentence of paragraph 4 suggests that_________.
6.The phrase “this view” refers to the view that_________.
7.The best title for the passages is_________.
问题1选项
A.is a complex process
B.is independent of maturation
C.is independent of external environmental conditions
D.refers to changes in behavior or performance
问题2选项
A.learning process
B.maturation process
C.the interactions between the two process
D.neither of the two processes
问题3选项
A.learning plays a very important role in most aspects of a child’s development and change
B.there are hardly any principles of learning which are generally accepted
C.a child never learns anything unless he has some need or desire for it
D.a child should not be rewarded until he has learned a response
问题4选项
A.being sophisticated mentally and socially
B.development of the organism as a function of time or age
C.being fully grown in height and mentality
D.freedom of adult caring in daily life
问题5选项
A.some proposed principles of learning may have not been accepted generally
B.principles of learning are being proposed every day
C.only a few principles of learning are generally accepted
D.most of the principles of learning are not generally accepted
问题6选项
A.a child learns and matures fast.
B.a child will learn a response better if he is rewarded.
C.a child learns slowly if he is in a bad mood.
D.a child learns a response.
问题7选项
A.A Child’s Development
B.Learning and Response
C.Motivation in Relation to Learning
D.Maturation and Learning
第1题:D
第2题:C
第3题:A
第4题:B
第5题:A
第6题:B
第7题:D
第1题:
【选项释义】
According to the passage, learning_____. 根据原文，学习_____。
A. is a complex process A. 是一个复杂的过程
B. is independent of maturation B. 独立于成熟
C. is independent of external environmental conditions C. 是独立于外部环境条件的
D. refers to changes in behavior or performance D. 指的是行为或表现的变化
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据题干精确定位至第三段第一句，该段提到“learning generally refers to changes in behavior or performance as a consequence of experience”，即“学习通常指的是由于经验而导致的行为或表现的变化”。D选项与原文描述一致，符合题意。
【干扰项排除】其余各选项在原文中均无对应出处，属于无中生有。
第2题:
【选项释义】
A child’s development depends on_____. 一个孩子的发展取决于_____。
A. learning process A. 学习的过程
B. maturation process B. 成熟的过程
C. the interactions between the two process C. 这两个过程之间的相互作用
D. neither of the two processes D. 和两个过程无关
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据题干关键词定位至第一段的三、四句，该段提到“学习和成熟这两个过程几乎总是相互作用的，很难区分它们的影响或具体说明每个过程对儿童发展的相对贡献”。由此可以看出C选项符合题意。
【干扰项排除】其余各选项在原文中均无对应出处，属于无中生有。
第3题:
【选项释义】
In the author’s opinion, _____. 在作者看来，_____。
A. learning plays a very important role in most aspects of a child’s development and change A. 学习在孩子发展和变化的许多方面都起着非常重要的作用
B. there are hardly any principles of learning which are generally accepted B. 几乎没有任何被普遍接受的学习原则
C. a child never learns anything unless he has some need or desire for it C. 除非孩子有某种需要或渴望，否则他永远不会学习任何东西
D. a child should not be rewarded until he has learned a response D. 一个孩子不应该得到奖励，直到他学到一种反应
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】原文第四段第二句中提到学习在发展和变化的大多数方面起着最重要的作用，A选项与原文描述一致，因此A选项为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“几乎没有任何被普遍接受的学习原则”，原文倒数第二段开头提到许多重要的和令人兴奋的学习理论已经被提出；且本段中提到，就目的而言，我们不需要关注学习过程的具体细节。这样做主要是因为每个人都有自己的一套原则和假说来解释学习过程。由此可看出，该选项中提到的几乎没有任何被普遍接受的学习原则不符合原文，属于曲解原文。
C选项“除非孩子有某种需要或渴望，否则他永远不会学习任何东西”，原文中最后一段最后一句提到“大多数学习都涉及动机和奖励。我相信即使没有它们，一些学习也会发生。在很多情况下，学习是一个潜移默化的过程，与动机和奖励无关”，由此可以看出该选项与原文不符，属于反向干扰。
D选项“一个孩子不应该得到奖励，直到他学到一种反应”，原文最后一段中提到，“如果他因为学习而得到奖励，他会更好地学习”，由此可以看出，奖励对于孩子们是一种鼓励，鼓励他们继续学习，因此该选项属于反向干扰。
第4题:
【选项释义】
According to the passage, maturation means _____. 根据文章，成熟意味着_____。
A. being sophisticated mentally and socially A. 在思想上和社交上成熟
B. development of the organism as a function of time or age B. 成熟是指生物体随着时间或年龄的变化而发展
C. being fully grown in height and mentality C. 在身高和心理上都完全成熟
D. freedom of adult caring in daily life D. 成年人在意的日常生活中的自由
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据题干定位至最后一段第二句，该段提到“成熟是指生物体随着时间或年龄的变化而发展”。由此可以看出，B选项符合原文说法，符合题意。
【干扰项排除】其余各选项在原文中均无对应出处，属于无中生有。
第5题:
【选项释义】
The last sentence of paragraph 4 suggests that_____. 第4段的最后一句话表明_____。
A. some proposed principles of learning may have not been accepted generally A. 一些建议的学习原则可能没有被普遍接受
B. principles of learning are being proposed every day B. 每天都有人提出学习的原则
C. only a few principles of learning are generally accepted C. 只有少数学习原则是被普遍接受的
D. most of the principles of learning are not generally accepted D. 大多数的学习原则并不被普遍接受
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】根据题干精确定位至第四段最后一句，该句意思是“在这次讨论中，我们将只采用几个被人们普遍接受的学习原则”，由此可推断，还有部分原则没有被公众所接受，选项A符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“每天都有人提出学习的原则”，原文之中无对应出处，因此该选项属于无中生有；C选项“只有少数学习原则是被普遍接受的”和D选项“大多数的学习原则并不被普遍接受”表达的是同一个意思，均不能说明部分学习原则没有被普遍接受且过于绝对，属于过度推断。
第6题:
【选项释义】
The phrase “this view” refers to the view that_____. 短语“this view”指的是_____。
A. a child learns and matures fast A. 孩子学习和成熟得快
B. a child will learn a response better if he is rewarded B. 如果孩子得到奖励，他就能更好地做出反应
C. a child learns slowly if he is in a bad mood C. 孩子心情不好的话会学得慢
D. a child learns a response D. 一个孩子学会了一种反应
【考查点】词汇推断题
【解题思路】根据原文可知，“this view”指的是上文提出的观点“如果他能得到学习的奖励，他就会更好地学习”，B选项符合原文。
【干扰项排除】其余各选项均不符合逻辑，均无法准确代指前文提到的观点，均属于曲解原文。
第7题:
【选项释义】
The best title for the passages is _____. 本文最好的标题是_____。
A. Child’s Development A. 孩子的发展
B. Learning and Response B. 学习和反应
C. Motivation in Relation to Learning C. 学习动机
D. Maturation and Learning D. 成熟和学习
【考查点】主旨大意题
【解题思路】1、关注文章话题导入处，首段第二句开门见山，直接导入话题：Though complex processes: learning and maturation，可知文章的主题是成熟和学习；2、关注首尾两段核心句，首段核心句：But improvements in motor activities such as walking depend on maturation and learning, and the interaction between them. 可知文章的主题是成熟和学习以及两者之间的关系。文中第二段详细介绍了学习和成熟的含义，随后列举了成熟的表现。尾段核心句：Although most learning involves motivation and reward. I believe some learning does occur without them. 可知本段讲述的是即便没有动机和奖励，学习仍会发生，由此可以看出学习是一个贯穿始终，潜移默化的过程。综上所述，“成熟”和“学习”是本文两大主要内容，因此D选项符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“孩子的发展”，全文只有在尾段提到孩子的学习，目的是为了说明即便没有动机和奖励，学习仍会发生，不是文章的主旨，属于以偏概全；
B选项“学习和反应”和C选项“学习动机”，均是学习的不同方面，而不是文章主旨，同样属于以偏概全。
