The changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earth’s surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those(1)by models that take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability.
To (2) the question of attribution requires the (3) of more powerful and complex methods beyond the use of global averages alone. New studies have focused on(4) maps or patterns of temperature change in (5) and in models. Pattern analysis is the climatologically equivalent of the more comprehensive tests in the medical analogy mentioned(6), and makes it possible to achieve more definitive(7)of the observed climate changes to a particular cause or causes.
The expected influence of human activities is thought to be much more complex than uniform warming over the entire surface of the Earth and over the whole(8) cycle. Patterns of change over space and time therefore provide a more powerful (9) technique. The basic idea(10)pattern-based approaches is that different(11)causes of climate change have different characteristic patterns of climate response or fingerprints. Attribution studies seek to(12) a fingerprint match between the patterns of climate change(13) by models and those actually observed.
The most recent assessment of the science suggests that human activities have led to a discernible (14)on global climate and that these activities will have an increasing influence on future climate. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas, as well as various agricultural and industrial practices, are(15)the composition of the atmosphere and contributing to climate change. These human activities have led to increased atmospheric (16) of a number of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the lower atmosphere.
Human activities, such as the burning of fossil, have also increased the (17) of small particles in the atmosphere. These particles can change the(18) of energy that is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere. They are also believed to modify the(19) of air and clouds, changing the amount of energy that they absorb and reflect. Intensive studies of the climatic effects of these particles began only recently and the overall(20)is uncertain. It is likely that the net effect of these small particles is to cool the climate and to partially offset the warming of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.
问题1选项
A.incensed
B.personify
C.interact
D.predicted
问题2选项
A.array
B.ascertain
C.probe
D.perturb
问题3选项
A.application
B.integration
C.avenge
D.intervene
问题4选项
A.conforming
B.comparing
C.biding
D.budgeting
问题5选项
A.junctions
B.junctures
C.obligations
D.observations
问题6选项
A.optionally
B.ornamentally
C.previously
D.predicatively
问题7选项
A.attribution
B.autonomy
C.indication
D.induction
问题8选项
A.immune
B.seasonal
C.formidable
D.perceptible
问题9选项
A.analysis
B.disposal
C.antigen
D.disincentive
问题10选项
A.avenging
B.underestimating
C.ascending
D.underlying
问题11选项
A.potential
B.respectable
C.secretive
D.sturdy
问题12选项
A.weary
B.obtain
C.wink
D.retard
问题13选项
A.oriented
B.kenned
C.predicted
D.lapsed
问题14选项
A.modification
B.nomination
C.penetration
D.influence
问题15选项
A.paving
B.altering
C.retreating
D.saluting
问题16选项
A.stabilities
B.popularities
C.concentrations
D.hierarchies
问题17选项
A.abundance
B.hemisphere
C.fixture
D.distress
问题18选项
A.burial
B.argumentation
C.legislation
D.amount
问题19选项
A.disposals
B.properties
C.certainties
D.blends
问题20选项
A.calculation
B.assignment
C.budget
D.effect
第1题:D
第2题:C
第3题:A
第4题:B
第5题:D
第6题:C
第7题:A
第8题:B
第9题:A
第10题:D
第11题:A
第12题:B
第13题:C
第14题:D
第15题:B
第16题:C
第17题:A
第18题:D
第19题:B
第20题:D
(1)语法分析。空格处应填入those 的后置定语, 空后by提示此处为被动。因此D项predicted (预言,预测)与models搭配合理,意为“通过模型来预测”。
(2)动词辨析。array 排列,整队;ascertain 弄清,确定,查明;probe 调查;探索;perturb 使人烦恼,不安。根据句意和句子后面的methods, C项probe与the question of attribution搭配符合逻辑,意为“调查问题的原因”。
(3)名词辨析。空格处应填入名词, 作require的宾语。以下两个选项是名词: application 运用,应用;integration 结合,整合,一体化。根据句意,需要运用更复杂的方法,A项application符合逻辑。
(4)动词辨析。conform 遵守,符合;compare 比较,对照;bide 滞留,忍受;budget 编制预算,安排开支。B项与maps or patterns搭配compare,意为“比较天气变化图和模式”。
(5)名词辨析。空格后为and, 所以空格处应填与models并列的词。只有D项observation(注意,观察)与models为同类型。
(6)副词辨析。optionally 随意地;ornamentally 装饰地;previously 先前,以前;predicatively 断然地,肯定地。根据句意,此处指的是之前提到过的。
(7)名词辨析。attribution 归因;autonomy 自治,自治区;indication 指示,迹象;induction 归纳法,就职。选项中,A项attribution与achieve...definitive搭配,意思是有可能找到天气变化的明确原因。
(8)语义题。immune 免疫的,不受影响的;seasonal 季节性的,随季节变化的;formidable 可怕的,令人敬畏的;perceptible 可感觉到的,可理解的。B项seasonal 在此处比较合适,意为“季节性的循环”。
(9)语义题。后面句子提到了approaches , 所以A项只有analysis (分析)放在此处比较合适,意为“更加强有力的分析技巧”。
(10)动词辨析。空格处为动词的现在分词形式作idea的后置定语, D项underlying (构成……的基础)与idea搭配,意为“构成这些方法的基本观点”。
(11)形容词辨析。potential 潜在的,有潜力的;respectable 体面的,高尚的;secretive 秘密的;sturdy 强壮的,结实的。A项potential与causes of climate change搭配,意为“天气变化的潜在原因”。
(12)语义题。weary 使疲乏,厌倦;obtain 获得; wink 递眼色,闪烁;retard 使放慢或延缓。B项符合逻辑, 此处意为 “得到两种天气变化的匹配特征”。
(13)语法分析。此处句意为: models只能用来预测天气变化。因此C项predict (预言,预测)正确。
(14)固定搭配。D项influence能与on搭配,意为“对……的影响”。
(15)动词辨析。pave 铺,为……铺路;alter 改变,更改;retreat 撤退,退却;salute 欢迎,致敬。B项alter与the composition of the atmosphere搭配,意为“正在改变大气的组成成分”。
(16)名词辨析。根据句意,increased (增加)的只能是concentration (浓度)。
(17)固定搭配。the abundance of为固定用法,意为“大量,充足”,句意: 增加了大气中的微粒的数量。
(18)固定搭配。下文出现了 the amount of energy, 因此推测此处为the amount of(……的数量)。
(19)名词辨析。disposal 清除,处理;property 特性,性质;certainty 确实,确定的事;blend 混合物。句意: 这会改变大气和云层的 。B项符合句意。
(20)语义题。句意: 对这些粒子的气候效应的深入研究才刚刚开始,总体 还不确定。因此D项effect(影响)符合句意。