The term "remote sensing" refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretation of phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960s the interpretation of film images was the primary means for remote sensing of the earth's geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed by mechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum: the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earth's surface. Digital multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.
The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing with digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The acquisition of the first multispectral digital data set from, the multispectral scanner (MSS) aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attracted the attention of the entire geologic community. Landsat MSS data are now being applied to a variety of geologic problems that are difficult to solve by conventional methods alone. These include specific problems in mineral and energy resource exploration and the charting of glaciers and shallow seas.
A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional structural and chronological information for reconstructing geologic revolution. Such reconstructions have important practical applications because the conditions under which rock units and other structural features are formed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in which the deposits are found.
Geologic maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps must be interpretative because field measurements are always limited by rock exposure, accessibility and labor resources. With remote-sensing techniques, it is possible to obtain much geologic information more efficiently than it can be obtained on the ground. These techniques also facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small areas, the continuity of regional features that had intermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent. However, some critical information cannot be obtained through remote sensing, and several characteristics of the Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be overcome by designing satellite systems especially for geologic purposes; but to be most effective, remote sensing data must still be combined with data from field surveys, laboratory tests, and the techniques of the earlier twentieth century.
1.Which of the following can be measured by the optomechanical scanner but not by visible light photograph?
2.Lands images differ from conventional geologic maps in that the former（ ） .
3.The passage provides information about all of the following topics except （ ）.
4.What does the author mention about “the conventional methods”？
5.According to the author（ ） .
问题1选项
A.The amount of visible light reflected from oceans
B.Daily temperature changes of areas on the Earth’s surface.
C.The degree of radioactivity emitted by exposed rocks on the earth's surface.
D.Atmospheric conditions over large landmasses.
问题2选项
A.reveal the exact size of petroleum deposits and ore deposits
B.indicate the continuity of features that might not otherwise be interpreted as continuous
C.predict the movements of glaciers
D.provide highly accurate data about the occurrence of mineral deposits
问题3选项
A.the principle method of geologic remote sensing prior to the mid-1960s
B.some phenomena measured by digital multispectral images in remote sensing
C.some of the practical uses of regional geologic maps.
D.problems that are difficult to solve solely through conventional methods of geologic mapping
问题4选项
A.They consist primarily of field surveys and laboratory measurements.
B.They are not useful in providing information necessary for reconstructing geologic evolution.
C.They have rarely been used by geologists since 1972.
D.They are used primarily to gather compositional information about geologic features.
问题5选项
A.geologic mapping is basically an art and not a science
B.geologic mapping has not changed significantly since the early 1960s
C.geologic mapping will have limited practical applications until remote-sensing systems are perfected
D.a developmental milestone in geologic mapping was reached in 1972
第1题:B
第2题:B
第3题:D
第4题:A
第5题:B
1.根据第一段：With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed by mechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earth’s surface.随着光机械扫描仪的发展，科学家开始利用那些超出可见光摄影术感知范围的数据构造数字化多谱线图像。这些图像的建造是通过用机械手段对一些现象的图像进行整理，如可见光谱外光波的反射，无线电波的折射以及地球表面一些地区日常温度 的变化。确定B选项’地球表面许多地区温度的日间变化‘正确。
2.根据第四段Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small area, the continuity of regional features that have intermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent.由于详尽的地质绘图一般在小的范围内进行，所以那些具有断断续续和多变量的区域特征的连续性就经常不能被认可，但是Landsat卫星的全方位的观察角度，能将这一连续性呈现出来。确定B选项’指明特征的连续性并不能解释为连续性‘正确。
3.根据第一段：Prior to the mid-1960's the interpretation of film images was the primary means for remote sensing of the Earth’s geologic features. 在 20 世会己中叶之前， 对胶片的解释是对地球地质特征进行遥感的主要方法。所以A选项‘地质遥感的主要方法在20 世纪60年代之前就出现‘符合原文。 再根据第一段With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range of visible light photography.随着光机械扫描仪的发展，科学家#始构造 数字化多谱线图像，利用那些超出可见光影敏感范围的数据。确定B选项’出现了在遥感中利 用数字化多谱线图像进行测量的现象’ 符合原文。根据第三段：Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic evolution.：区域地图向重构地质进化过程，提供了成分、结构及时间顺序等信息。确定C选项‘一些地区地质图有实用性’符合原文。所以排除法D选项‘通过传统的地质绘图方法 很难解决问题’文中未提及，符合题意。
4.根据第三段：A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas.遥感更基本的应用是增 强传统的大范围的地质绘图的方法。Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic evolution.区域地图向重构地质进化 过程，提供了成分、结构及时间顺序等信息。再根据第四段：Geologic maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements…地质图采集了数量繁多、形形色色的一整套具体的实地测量和实验室测量数据。推断出A选项‘它们主要 包括实地考察、实验室测量’正确。B选项‘在重构地质进化过程中，他们没有能提供必要的信息’与原文不符。C选项‘自1972年之后，他们很少被地质学家用到。‘1972年是这一技术发展的里程碑之年，与原文不符。D选项’它们主要被用来收集有关地质特征的构成信息‘与原 文不符。
5.根据第二段The acquisition of the first multispectral digital data set from the multispectral scanner （MSS） aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attracted the attention of the entire geologic community. 1972 年，安装在 Landsat 卫星上的多谱线扫描仪传送出来的首批多谱线的数字数据，吸引了整个地学界的注意。确定D选项’ 1972年成为地质制图发展的里程碑‘正确。
