As the defining epidemic of a modern age notable for overconsumption and excess, obesity is hard to beat. The increased availability of high-fat, high sugar foods, along with more sedentary lifestyles, has helped push the number of obese people worldwide to beyond 400 million, and the number of overweight to more than 1.6 billion. By 2015, those figures are likely to grow to 700 million and 2.3 billion respectively, according to the World Health Organization. Given the health implications—increased risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes and some cancers—anything that helps people avoid piling on the pounds must be a good thing, right?
Those who agree will no doubt welcome the growing success of researchers striving to develop “diet pills” that provide a technical fix for those incapable of losing weight at any other way. Last week a study published in The Lancet showed that tesofensine, which works by inducing a sense of fullness, is twice as effective as any other drug at enabling patients to lose weight.
There is no question that advances such as this are good news for those with a strong genetic predisposition to obesity. But for the rest of us it is dangerous to see treatment as a more effective solution than prevention. There are several reasons for this. For a start, the traditional ways of maintaining a safe weight, such as limiting what you eat, increase consumption of fruit and vegetables and taking more exercise, are beneficial for our health in many ways.
Second, overindulgence in fatty foods has implications for the entire planet. Consider the deleterious environmental effects of the rising demand for meat. As demonstrated in our special issue on economic growth, technological fixes will not compensate for excessive consumption.
Third, interfering with the brain circuits that control the desire for food can have an impact on other aspects of a person's personality and their mental and physical health.
We need two approaches: more research into the genetics of obesity to understand why some people are more susceptible, and greater efforts to help people avoid eating their way to an early death. Cynics will say we’ve tried education and it hasn’t worked. That is defeatist: getting people to change their behavior takes time and effort, held back as we are by our biological tendency to eat more than we need, and by the food industry ’ s ruthless opportunism in exploiting that.
Drugs will be the saving of a few—as a last resort. But the global obesity problem is one of lifestyle, and the solution must be too.
1.In the first paragraph all the figures surrounding obesity reflect ( ).
2.When it comes to the recently reported diet pills, the author would say that ( ).
3.Which of the following can be referred to as the environmental perspective of the author’s argument?
4.The author argues that we make greater efforts to help people fight against ( ).
5.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
问题1选项
A.a close link between growing obese and developing disease
B.the inevitable diseases of modern civilization
C.the war against the epidemic we have lost
D.the urgency of the global phenomenon
问题2选项
A.drugs are no replacement of prevention
B.the technical advance is not necessarily good news
C.the technical fix does help reverse the obesity epidemic
D.the mechanism of tesofensine still remains to be verified
问题3选项
A.Belittling good health behavior.
B.Imposing a heavy burden on our planet.
C.Making trouble for our social environment.
D.Having implications for mental and physical health.
问题4选项
A.their biological overeating tendency and aggressively marketed foods
B.the development of diet pills as a technical fix for obesity
C.their excuses for their genetic susceptibility to obesity
D.the defeatism prevailing in the general populations
问题5选项
A.No Quick Fix
B.Disease of Civilization
C.Pursuing a Technical Fix
D.A War on Global Obesity
第1题:D
第2题:B
第3题:B
第4题:A
第5题:D
第1题:
【选项释义】
In the first paragraph all the figures surrounding obesity reflect ____. 在第一段中,所有关于肥胖的数据都反映了____。
A. a close link between growing obese and developing disease A. 肥胖和疾病的发展密切相关
B. the inevitable diseases of modern civilization B. 现代文明不可避免的疾病
C. the war against the epidemic we have lost C. 我们已经输掉的抗击流行病的战争
D. the urgency of the global phenomenon D. 全球现象的紧迫性
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据出处提示词the first paragraph可以定位到第一段前三句“作为以过度消费和过度消费为显著特征的现代流行病,肥胖是难以战胜的。高脂肪、高糖食物的增加,加上更多的久坐生活方式,使全世界肥胖人数超过4亿,超重人数超过16亿。根据世界卫生组织的数据,到2015年,这些数字可能分别增长到7亿和23亿(those figures are likely to grow to 700 million and 2.3 billion respectively)。”可知肥胖已经成为一个全球性的问题,并呈不断上升的趋势。第一段最后一句话提到“考虑到健康问题会增加患心脏病、中风、糖尿病和某些癌症的风险,任何有助于人们避免体重增加的东西都是好事,对吗?”可知数据上升,肥胖成为全球性的问题且肥胖的数据不断上升,因此D选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“肥胖和疾病的发展密切相关”,根据解题思路可知,列举大量数据的目的是强调肥胖是全球性问题,该选项属于本末倒置;
B选项“现代文明不可避免的疾病”,肥胖数据并不能反映不可避免的疾病,该选项属于无中生有;
C选项“我们已经输掉的抗击流行病的战争”,文中没有提及,该选项属于无中生有。
第2题:
【选项释义】
When it comes to the recently reported diet pills, the author would say that ____. 谈到最近报道的减肥药,作者会说____。
A. drugs are no replacement of prevention A. 药物不能代替预防
B. the technical advance is not necessarily good news B. 技术进步不一定是好消息
C. the technical fix does help reverse the obesity epidemic C. 技术上的解决确实有助于扭转肥胖的流行
D. the mechanism of tesofensine still remains to be verified D. 特索芬辛的作用机制仍有待验证
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第三段“毫无疑问,这类进展对那些有强烈肥胖遗传倾向的人来说是好消息。但对我们其他人来说,将治疗视为比预防更有效的解决方案是危险的。”也就是说对于那些肥胖遗传的人来说是好消息,但是对于其他人(没有明显肥胖基因的人)来说将治疗视为比预防更有效的方案可能存在危险,即技术进步不一定是好消息。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“药物不能代替预防”,文中第三段提及“毫无疑问,这类进展对那些有强烈肥胖遗传倾向的人来说是好消息。”说明技术进步对于有肥胖遗传基因的人来说是有效的。药物不能代替预防针对的是那些没有肥胖遗传基因的人,而对有肥胖遗传基因的人来说药物是有效的。该选项太过绝对,属于过度推断。
C选项“技术上的解决确实有助于扭转肥胖的流行”,文中第二段提到“他们努力开发出‘减肥药’,为那些无法通过其他方式减肥的人提供一种技术解决方案”,也就是说减肥药有助于为无法通过其他方式减肥的人提供方法,但是并不代表能扭转肥胖的流行,该选项属于过度推断;
D选项“特索芬辛的作用机制仍有待验证”,文中第二段最后提到“上周发表在《柳叶刀》上的一项研究表明,通过诱导饱腹感起作用的特索芬辛在帮助患者减肥方面的效果是其他任何药物的两倍。”说明特索芬辛的作用已经得到验证了,该选项属于反向干扰。
第3题:
【选项释义】
Which of the following can be referred to as the environmental perspective of the author’s argument? 以下哪一个可以被称为作者的论点的环境角度?
A. Belittling good health behavior. A. 轻视良好的健康行为。
B. Imposing a heavy burden on our planet. B. 给我们的星球带来了沉重的负担。
C. Making trouble for our social environment. C. 给我们的社会环境制造麻烦。
D. Having implications for mental and physical health. D. 对身心健康都有影响。
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第四段“第二,过度食用高脂肪食物对整个地球都有影响。考虑一下不断增长的肉类需求对环境的有害影响。”对比选项B选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“轻视良好的健康行为。”,该选项不是作者观点的环境角度,属于过度推断;
C选项“给我们的社会环境制造麻烦。”,该选项不是作者观点的环境角度,属于过度推断;
D选项“对身心健康都有影响。”,该选项是身心角度不是环境角度,属于张冠李戴。
第4题:
【选项释义】
The author argues that we make greater efforts to help people fight against ____. 作者认为,我们更努力地帮助人们对抗____。
A. their biological overeating tendency and aggressively marketed foods A. 他们的生物暴饮暴食倾向和积极推销的食品
B. the development of diet pills as a technical fix for obesity B. 开发减肥药作为治疗肥胖的技术手段
C. their excuses for their genetic susceptibility to obesity C. 他们为自己在遗传上容易肥胖找的借口
D. the defeatism prevailing in the general populations D. 在普通民众中盛行的失败主义
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第六段第一句“我们需要两种方法:对肥胖的基因进行更多的研究,以了解为什么有些人更容易受到影响,以及更努力地帮助人们避免因饮食而过早死亡。”由此可以得知需要帮助人们在饮食方面形成更正确的习惯。A选项“他们的生物暴饮暴食倾向和积极推销的食品”属于饮食习惯的范畴,因此A选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“开发减肥药作为治疗肥胖的技术手段”,文中没有提及,该选项属于无中生有;
C选项“他们为自己在遗传上容易肥胖找的借口”来自上文,但在此处并未提及,属于曲解原文;
D选项“在普通民众中盛行的失败主义”,文中倒数第二段提及“愤世嫉俗者会说,我们尝试过教育,但没有成功。这是一种失败主义。”并没有说这是在普通民众中盛行的失败主义,该选项是对原文的过度推断。
第5题:
【选项释义】
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? 下面哪个选项是这篇文章的最佳标题?
A. No Quick Fix A. 没有快速的治理办法
B. Disease of Civilization B. 文明的疾病
C. Pursuing a Technical Fix C. 寻求技术解决方案
D. A War on Global Obesity D. 全球肥胖之战
【考查点】主旨大意题。
【解题思路】文章首段说到全球肥胖人数增多,肥胖问题日益严重;第二段指出技术上解决肥胖问题即减肥药的发明;三四五段提出预防非常重要以及肥胖的影响;第六段说明面对肥胖我们当前要做的努力;最后一段强调全球性肥胖问题不能只依靠药物,需要改变生活方式。综合全文来看,文章主要讲了全球性肥胖问题,并提到影响和解决方法。因此选D选项。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“没有快速的治理办法”,文章没有体现,该选项属于无中生有;
B选项“文明的疾病”,文章只在开头提及几种疾病,并且文章重点是肥胖病,该选项属于本末倒置;
C选项“寻求技术解决方案”,文中说明药物治疗是技术解决的方法,但属于片面概括文章内容,属于以偏概全。
【参考译文】
肥作为一个以过度消费和过剩著称的现代时代的标志性流行病,肥胖很难被击败。高脂、高糖食品的供应量增加,加上久坐不动的生活方式,使全球肥胖人数超过4亿,超重人数超过16亿。根据世界卫生组织的数据,到2015年,这两个数字可能分别增长到7亿和23亿。考虑到对健康的影响——增加患心脏病、中风、糖尿病和某些癌症的风险——任何能帮助人们避免体重增加的事情肯定都是好事,不是吗?
那些同意这一观点的人无疑会欢迎那些努力开发“减肥药”的研究人员日益取得的成功,为那些无法通过其他方式减肥的人提供技术上的帮助。上周,发表在《柳叶刀》上的一项研究表明,通过诱发饱腹感来减肥的特索芬辛的减肥效果是其他药物的两倍。
毫无疑问,这样的进步对于那些有肥胖遗传倾向的人来说是个好消息。但对于我们其他人来说,将治疗视为比预防更有效的解决方案是危险的。这有几个原因。首先,保持安全体重的传统方法,如限制饮食、多吃水果和蔬菜以及多做运动,在很多方面都有益于我们的健康。
其次,过度摄入高脂肪食物对整个地球都有影响。想想对肉类需求的增长对环境造成的有害影响吧。正如我们在关于经济增长的特刊中所展示的,技术补救措施无法弥补过度消费。
第三,干扰控制进食欲望的大脑回路会对人的性格和身心健康的其他方面产生影响。
我们需要采取两种方法:一是对肥胖的遗传学进行更多研究,以了解为什么有些人更容易肥胖;二是加大力度,帮助人们避免因暴饮暴食而过早死亡。愤世嫉俗者会说,我们已经尝试过教育,但没有效果。这是失败主义的观点:让人们改变自己的行为需要时间和努力,我们被我们的生理倾向所阻碍,这种倾向使我们吃得比我们需要的多,而且食品工业无情的机会主义利用了这一点。
药物将是拯救少数人的最后手段。但全球肥胖问题是生活方式的问题,解决办法也必须如此。