Scientists used to believe adult brains did not grow any new neurons, but it has emerged that new neurons can sprout in the brains of adult rats, birds and even humans. Understanding the process could be important for finding ways to treat diseases such as Alzheimer’s in which neurons are destroyed.
Most neurons sprouting in adulthood seem to be in the hippocampus, a structure involved in learning and memory. But they rarely survive more than a few weeks. "We thought they were possibly dying because they were deprived of some sort of input,” says Elizabeth Gould, a neuroscientist at Princeton. Because of the location, Gould and her colleagues suspect that learning itself might bolster the new neurons’ survival, and that only tasks involving the hippocampus would do the trick.
To test this, they injected adult male rats with a substance that labeled newborn neurons so that they could be tracked. Later, they gave some of the rats standard tasks. One involved using visual and spatial cues, such as posters on a wall, to learn to find a platform hidden under murky water. In another, the rats learnt to associate a noise with a tiny shock half a second later. Both these tasks use the hippocampus—if this structure is damaged, rats can't do them.
Meanwhile, the researchers gave other rats similar tasks that did not require the hippocampus: finding a platform that was easily visible in water, for instance. Other members of the control group simply pad-died in a tub of water or listened to noises.
The team report in Nature Neuroscience that the animals given the tasks that activate the hippocampus kept twice as many of their new neurons alive as the others. “Learning opportunities increase the number of neurons," says Gould.
But Fred Gage and his colleagues at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, dispute this. In the same issue of Nature Neuroscience, they report that similar water maze experiments on mice did not help new neurons survive.
Gould thinks the difference arose because the groups labeled new neurons at different times. Her team gave the animals tasks two weeks after the neurons were labeled, when the new cells would normally be dying. She thinks the Salk group put their mice to work too early for new neurons to benefit. " By the time the cells were degenerating, the animals were not learning anything," she says.
1.Not until recently did scientists find out that ( ).
2.Gould’s notion was that the short-lived neurons ( ).
3.Which of the following can clearly tell the two groups of rats from each other in the test?
4.Gould theorizes that the Salk group's failure to report the same results was due to ( ).
5.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
问题1选项
A.new neurons could grow in adult brains
B.neurons could be man-made in the laboratory
C.neurons were destroyed in Alzheimer’s disease
D.humans could produce new neurons as animals
问题2选项
A.did survive longer than expected
B.would die much sooner than expected could
C.could actually better learning and memory
D.could be kept alive by stimulating the hippocampus
问题3选项
A.The water used.
B.The noises played.
C.The neurons newly born.
D.The hippocampus involved.
问题4选项
A.the timing of labeling new neurons
B.the frequency of stimulation
C.the wrongly labeled neurons
D.the types of learning tasks
问题5选项
A.Use It or Lose It
B.Learn to Survive
C.To Be or Not to Be
D.Stay Mentally Healthy
第1题:A
第2题:D
第3题:D
第4题:A
第5题:A
第1题:
【选项释义】
Not until recently did scientists find out that ____. 直到最近科学家才发现____。
A. new neurons could grow in adult brains A. 成年人的大脑可能会长出新的神经元
B. neurons could be man-made in the laboratory B. 神经元可以在实验室里人造出来
C. neurons were destroyed in Alzheimer’s disease C. 神经元在阿尔茨海默病中被破坏
D. humans could produce new neurons as animals D. 人类可以像动物一样产生新的神经元
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段“科学家们过去认为,成人的大脑不会生长任何新的神经元,但现在发现,新的神经元可以在成年老鼠、鸟类甚至人类的大脑中发芽。”由此可知成年人的大脑里能长出新的神经元。因此选A。
【干扰项排除】。
B选项“神经元可以在实验室里人造出来”,文中没有提及,该选项属于无中生有;
C选项“神经元在阿尔茨海默病中被破坏”该选项并不是最近科学家才发现的,该选项属于张冠李戴;
D选项“人类可以像动物一样产生新的神经元”,文中第一段提到“科学家们过去认为,成人的大脑不会生长任何新的神经元,但现在发现,新的神经元可以在成年老鼠、鸟类甚至人类的大脑中发芽。”并不是所有的动物都会产生神经元,并且文中说的是科学家过去认为成人的大脑不会产生,该选项范围太广,属于过度推断。
第2题:
【选项释义】
Gould’s notion was that the short-lived neurons ____. 古尔德的观点是,寿命短的神经元____。
A. did survive longer than expected A. 确实比预期存活的时间长
B. would die much sooner than expected could B. 会比预期的更早死亡
C. could actually better learning and memory C. 实际上可以更好地学习和记忆
D. could be kept alive by stimulating the hippocampus D. 可以通过刺激海马体保持存活
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第二段最后“由于这个位置,Gould和她的同事们怀疑学习本身可能会促进新神经元的存活,而且只有涉及海马体的任务才会起作用。”也就是说通过海马体的刺激,能够促进神经元的存活。因此选D。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“确实比预期存活的时间长”,文中没有提及,该选项属于无中生有;
B选项“会比预期的更早死亡”,文中第二段提到“我们认为它们可能会死亡,因为它们被剥夺了某种输入。”古尔德认为它们会死亡,但是没有说比预期更早的死亡,该选项属于过度推断;
C选项“实际上可以更好地学习和记忆”,文中没有提到可以更好地学习和记忆,该选项属于无中生有。
第3题:
【选项释义】
Which of the following can clearly tell the two groups of rats from each other in the test? 下面哪个选项能在测试中清楚地区分两组老鼠?
A. The water used. A. 所使用的水。
B. The noises played. B. 播放的噪音。
C. The neurons newly born. C. 新生的神经元。
D. The hippocampus involved. D. 需要的海马体。
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第三段最后一句“这两项任务都要用到海马体——如果海马体受损,老鼠就无法完成。”和第四段第一句“与此同时,研究人员给其他老鼠类似的任务,但不需要海马体”由此可知,两组的区别在于是否用了海马体,因此选D。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“所使用的水。”文中第三段提到“其中一种方法是利用视觉和空间线索,比如墙上的海报,学习如何在浑浊的水中找到隐藏的平台。”浑浊的水只是老鼠完成任务所处的环境条件,并不能区分两组老鼠,该选项属于过度推断;
B选项“播放的噪音。”文中第三段提到“在另一组实验中,老鼠学会了在半秒后将噪音与微小的震动联系起来。”可知,噪音也是老鼠完成实验任务的环境条件,并不能区分两组老鼠,该选项属于过度推断;
C选项“新生的神经元。”文中没有提及,该选项属于无中生有。
第4题:
【选项释义】
Gould theorizes that the Salk group's failure to report the same results was due to ____. 古尔德认为索尔克小组没有报告同样的结果是由于____。
A. the timing of labeling new neurons A. 标记新神经元的时间
B. the frequency of stimulation B. 刺激的频率
C. the wrongly labeled neurons C. 被错误标记的神经元
D. the types of learning tasks D. 学习任务的类型
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到最后一段第一句“古尔德认为,产生这种差异的原因是各组在不同的时间标记了新的神经元。”选项A正确。
【干扰项排除】
B、C、D选项均未在文中体现,属于无中生有。
第5题:
【选项释义】
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? 下面哪个选项是这篇文章的最佳标题?
A. Use It or Lose It A. 使用它或失去它
B. Learn to Survive B. 学会生存
C. To Be or Not to Be C. 生存还是毁灭
D. Stay Mentally Healthy D. 保持心理健康
【考查点】主旨大意题。
【解题思路】文章第一段提出中心观点“新的神经元可以在成年老鼠、鸟类甚至人类的大脑中发芽”;文章第二段提出“海马体是一种与学习和记忆有关的结构。但它们很少能存活超过几周,但是能促进新神经元的存活”这个文章主旨;三四五段进行实验验证“被赋予激活海马体任务的动物,其新生神经元的活跃程度是其他动物的两倍”;最后两段指出标记新神经元时间的重要性。结合全文内容可知,本文主要讲的是新的神经元可以通过刺激来延长存活的时间,否则就会死亡。由此可知,本文的题目是使用它或者失去它。因此选A。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“学会生存”,与原文无关,属于无中生有;
C选项“生存还是毁灭”,文中讲得并不是神经元的生存或者毁灭问题,而是是否利用海马体刺激产生新神经元,否则神经元会死亡。该选项属于过度推断;
D选项“保持心理健康”文中没有体现,属于无中生有。
【参考译文】
科学家过去一直认为,成年人的大脑不会长出新的神经元,但现在发现,成年大鼠、鸟类甚至人类的大脑中都能萌发出新的神经元。了解这一过程对于找到治疗阿尔茨海默症等神经元遭到破坏的疾病的方法非常重要。
成年后萌发的大多数神经元似乎都在海马体中,这是一种参与学习和记忆的结构。但它们很少能存活超过几周。普林斯顿大学的神经科学家伊丽莎白·古尔德说:“我们认为,它们可能是因为被剥夺了某种输入而死亡的。”位置的原因,古尔德和她的同事们怀疑学习本身可能会促进新神经元的存活,而且只有涉及海马体的任务才会起作用。
为了验证这一点,他们给成年雄性大鼠注射了一种能标记新生神经元的物质,以便对它们进行追踪。随后,他们给其中一些老鼠布置了标准任务。其中一项任务涉及利用视觉和空间线索(如墙上的海报)来学习寻找隐藏在浑浊水底的平台。在另一项任务中,老鼠学会了将噪音与半秒后的微小震动联系起来。这两项任务都需要海马体——如果海马体受损,老鼠就无法完成这些任务。
与此同时,研究人员给其他老鼠布置了不需要海马体的类似任务:例如,在水中寻找一个容易看到的平台。对照组的其他成员则只是在一盆水中垫脚或听声音。
研究小组在《自然神经科学》杂志上报告说,完成激活海马体任务的动物,其新神经元的存活数量是其他动物的两倍。古尔德说:“学习机会增加了神经元的数量。”
但加利福尼亚州拉霍亚索尔克生物研究所的弗雷德·盖奇和他的同事对此提出了质疑。在同一期《自然神经科学》杂志上,他们报告说,对小鼠进行类似的水迷宫实验并不能帮助新神经元存活。
古尔德认为,之所以出现这种差异,是因为研究小组在不同的时间标记了新神经元。她的研究小组在神经元被标记两周后给动物布置任务,此时新细胞通常会死亡。她认为索尔克研究小组过早地让小鼠工作,新神经元无法从中受益。她说:“当细胞退化时,动物已经学不到任何东西了。”