Advances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects ,repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.
Evidence of the smile's ascent may be seen in famous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs(要人), voluptuous nudes, or middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.
Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University's Center for British Art, in his book A Brief history of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo's Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the “Smiley Face” logo perfected (though not invented) in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey R. Ball.
In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to be openly displayed.
Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples, to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.
Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public. “ Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile," and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.
With tattooing, body piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow's beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These corner-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.
What can you say to that except “Have a nice day?”
1.Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, ( ).
2..According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits or pictures is decided by( ).
3.Trumble’ s study on smiles shows that ( ).
4.What Trumble expects to see is( ).
5.At the end of the passage, the author implicates ( ).
问题1选项
A.people would not have been as happy as they are today
B.the rate of facial birth defect would not have declined
C.there would not have been many more open smiles
D.we would not have seen smiling faces in public
问题2选项
A.one’s internal sense of the external world
B.one’s identity or social position
C.one’s times of existence
D.All of the above
问题3选项
A.an open smile can serve as a cover-up
B.the famous portraits radiate varying smiles
C.even the human muscles can arouse varying emotions
D.smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures
问题4选项
A.the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in public
B.further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western cultures
C.a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smiles
D.more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public
问题5选项
A.a fortune to come with cosmetic advances
B.an identical smile for everybody
C.future changes in life style
D.the future of smiles
第1题:C
第2题:B
第3题:A
第4题:D
第5题:D
第1题:
【选项释义】
Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, ____. 如果不是因为美容方面进步,正如文章中所推断的那样,____。
A. people would not have been as happy as they are today A. 人们不会像现在这样快乐
B. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declined B. 面部出生缺陷率不会下降
C. there would not have been many more open smiles C. 再也没有许多如此开放的笑容了
D. we would not have seen smiling faces in public D. 我们就不会在公共场合看到笑脸了
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段“牙科美容和整形外科的进步使矫正面部出生缺陷、修复受损牙齿和组织、预防或大大延缓蛀牙和牙龈疾病的发生成为可能。因此,现在越来越多的人比以往任何时候都更经常、更公开地微笑,我们可以预期未来会有更多的微笑。”由此可知,如果没有美容方面的进步,就不会有如此多的笑容,选项C符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“人们不会像现在这样快乐”,文章指的是笑容不会这么多而不是不会像现在这样快乐,该选项属于过度推断;
B选项“面部出生缺陷率不会下降”,文中第一段提到的是“美容牙科和整形外科的进步使矫正面部出生缺陷”是面部出生缺陷可以被矫正,而不是会使面部出生缺陷率下降,该选项属于过度推断;
D选项“我们就不会在公共场合看到笑脸了”,文中提到“现在越来越多的人比以往任何时候都更经常、更公开地微笑”,该选项属于反向干扰。
第2题:
【选项释义】
According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits or pictures is decided by ____. 根据文章,肖像或图片中是否有微笑似乎是由____决定的。
A. one’s internal sense of the external world A. 一个人对外部世界的内在感觉
B. one’s identity or social position B. 某人的身份或社会地位
C. one’s times of existence C. 一个人存在的时代
D. all of the above
D. 以上都有
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第二段“绝大多数富裕的大人物(要人), 性感的裸体,或者正式肖像和家庭场景中的中产阶级家庭成员,似乎都紧闭着嘴。打仗的士兵、玩耍的孩子、乞丐、老人,特别是恶棍,都可能张着嘴”,由此可知这些人是身份地位的不同,可推断他们是否会笑取决于他们的身份和地位。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“一个人对外部世界的内在感觉”曲解原文,属于过度推断;
C选项“一个人存在的时代”,文中第三段提到“微笑在不同的时代和文化中传达各种意义”,指的是在不同时代,微笑的意义不同,而不是时代决定了肖像中是否有微笑。该选项曲解原文,属于过度推断;
D选项“以上都有”,由推断可知是由某人的身份或社会地位决定的,并不是以上选项都是,该选项属于反向干扰。
第3题:
【选项释义】
Trumble’s study on smiles shows that ____. 特朗布尔对微笑的研究表明____。
A. an open smile can serve as a cover-up A. 一个开放的微笑可以作为一种掩饰
B. the famous portraits radiate varying smiles B. 著名的肖像都散发出不同的微笑
C. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotions C. 甚至人类的肌肉也能引起不同的情绪
D. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures D. 微笑可以代表对不同时代和文化的误解
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第四段“特朗布尔指出,在一些非西方文化中,即使是一个温暖、开放的微笑也不一定表示愉快或同意。它可以只是一个礼貌的面具,用来掩盖被认为太粗鲁或令人震惊而不能公开展示的情绪。”也就是说微笑可以作为掩饰。因此选A。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“著名的肖像都散发出不同的微笑”,文中没有提及,该选项属于无中生有;
C选项“甚至人类的肌肉也能引起不同的情绪”,文中第五段提到“肌肉运动的细微差别可以传达情感上的巨大差异”,文章指的是肌肉运动可能引起传达情感的差异而不是引起不同的情绪,该选项属于过度推断;
D选项“微笑可以代表对不同时代和文化的误解”来自文中第三段第一句“微笑在不同的时代和文化中传达各种意义”,但显然并非是“误解”,属于曲解原文。
第4题:
【选项释义】
What Trumble expects to see is ____. 特朗布尔希望看到的是____。
A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in public A. 在公共场合露齿而笑的人越来越多
B. further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western cultures B. 西方医学对非西方文化的进一步影响
C. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smiles C. 微笑能传达更广泛的含义
D. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public D. 公众更多的真诚和热情
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到倒数第三段“在科学界和心理学界,越来越多的人认为淡淡的微笑与真正的微笑不符。因此,这意味着不真诚或缺乏热情。”由此可推断,特朗布尔希望人们能够在公共场合表达出自己的真诚和热情。因此选D。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“在公共场合露齿而笑的人越来越多”,文中提到“特朗布尔预计,西医和大众媒体的影响将进一步增加人们在公共场合咧嘴大笑的压力。”特朗布尔的根本目的是公众通过笑容表达热情和真诚,该选项属于本末倒置;
B选项“西方医学对非西方文化的进一步影响”文中没有提及,该选项属于无中生有;
C选项“微笑能传达更广泛的含义”,文中没有提及微笑表达更多含义,该选项属于无中生有。
第5题:
【选项释义】
At the end of the passage, the author implicates ____. 在文章的最后,作者暗示了____。
A. a fortune to come with cosmetic advances A. 美容业的进步会带来一笔财富
B. an identical smile for everybody B. 对每个人都一样的微笑
C. future changes in life style C. 未来生活方式的变化
D. the future of smiles D. 微笑的未来
【考查点】主旨大意题。
【解题思路】文章最后两段表示美容手术是一种趋势。而这个手术就是通过化妆或者重塑唇部等获得自己想要的微笑。可以得知是说微笑的未来。选D。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“一大笔钱可以用来做美容”,文中没有体现一大笔钱,该选项属于无中生有;
B选项“对每个人都一样的微笑”,最后两段没有说明对每个人都一样微笑,该选项属于无中生有。
C选项“未来生活方式的变化”,最后两段只是说明了人们微笑的变化并没有说生活方式的变化,该选项范围太广,属于过度推断。
【参考译文】
美容牙科和整形外科的进步使矫正面部先天缺陷、修复受损牙齿和组织、预防或大大延缓蛀牙和牙龈疾病的发生成为可能。因此,与过去相比,今天有更多的人更经常、更坦然地微笑,我们可以期待未来有更多的微笑。
在世界各地的博物馆和美术馆的名画中,都可以看到微笑上升的证据。在正式的肖像画和家庭场景中,绝大多数繁荣的大人物、妖娆的裸体或中产阶级家庭成员似乎都紧闭着嘴。战斗中的士兵、玩耍中的儿童、乞丐、老人,尤其是恶棍,可能会张开嘴巴;但他们的笑容很少有吸引力,更多时候暗示的是紧张或暴力,而不是欢乐。
现任耶鲁大学英国艺术中心馆长的艺术史学家安格斯·特兰布尔在其著作《微笑简史》中说,微笑在不同的时代和文化中传达着广泛的含义。例如,对比莱昂纳多的《蒙娜丽莎》中羞涩的酒窝、弗兰斯·哈尔斯的面颊红润、留着小胡子的大笑的骑士,以及美国平面艺术家哈维·R.波尔于1963年完善(虽然不是发明)的“笑脸”标志,就会发现它们给人的印象各不相同。
特兰布尔指出,在一些非西方文化中,即使是热情、开放的微笑也不一定表示高兴或同意。它可能只是一种礼貌的面具,用来掩饰被认为过于粗鲁或令人震惊而不能公开表现的情绪。
从青铜佛像的宁静,到印度教寺庙中缠绵在石头上的情侣的幸福,再到中国古墓入口处守护神的狰狞假笑,肌肉运动的细微差别可以传达出巨大的情感差异。
特兰布尔预计,西方医学和大众传媒的影响将进一步增加人们在公共场合咧嘴大笑的压力。他说,“科学界和心理学界越来越多地认为,淡淡的微笑不是真正的微笑”,因此暗示着不真诚或缺乏热情。
随着纹身、人体穿孔和永久性化妆品已经成为时尚潮流,我们可以想象未来的美容店会增加整形外科医生和牙科医生。这些街角小店的美容师将提供风格改造服务,重塑我们的嘴唇、牙齿和下巴,模仿最喜欢的明星的招牌笑容。
除了“祝你今天愉快”,你还能说什么呢?