In most countries, the law on organ transplantation is poorly defined, as legislation has not yet been created to cope with this advance in surgery. The existing framework relating to physical assault and care of the dead has no provision for organ transplantation. It is customary to ask the permission of the relatives, but because organ removal must take place immediately after death, it may be impossible to reach the relatives in time. It has been suggested that there should be a widespread campaign to encourage persons to provide in their wills that their organs be used for transplantation. An alternative is to provide by law that permission is assumed unless removal has been forbidden by the individual in his lifetime. Such laws have been passed in Denmark, France, Sweden, Italy, and Israel. Compulsory postmortem examination, a far more extensive procedure than organ removal for grafting, is required in most countries after unexpected death, and this compulsion is not a matter of public concern and debate.
There would seem to be no reason why organ removal for transplantation purposes should not also be acceptable to public opinion, provided there is a mechanism by which individuals in their lifetime can refuse this permission. This, of course, requires an efficient register of those who indicate their refusal; the register would be consulted before any organs would be removed. It is important that there be public reassurance that consideration of transplantation would not impair normal resuscitative efforts of the potential donor.
Transplantation has obviously raised important ethical considerations concerning the diagnosis of death, and particularly, how far resuscitation should be continued. Every effort must be made to restore the heartbeat to someone who has had a sudden cardiac arrest or breathing to someone who cannot breathe. Artificial respiration and massage of the heart, the standard methods of resuscitation, are continued until it is clear that the brain is dead. Most physicians consider that beyond this point efforts at resuscitation are useless.
41. According to the author, which of the following is NOT true?
42. Which of the following is NOT a suggestion made in the passage?
43. The word “impair” at the end of Paragraph 2 can be best replaced by ______.
44. It is believed that efforts at resuscitation are useless when ______.
45. Which of the following sentences can best sum up the passage?
问题1选项
A.Most countries do not have an effective law on organ transplantation.
B.The traditional ways of asking for permission of relatives for organ removal dos not proved to be always feasible.
C.It is hard to understand why people should remain silent on compulsory postmortem exam after unexpected death.
D.In some countries these are laws providing that the permission of organ removal is taken for granted unless it has been refused by the person in his lifetime.
问题2选项
A.People should be encouraged to donate their organs after death.
B.Organ removal should be permitted in the course of compulsory postmortem exam.
C.Organ removal for transplantation should be advocated because it benefits the human society.
D.Organ removal for transplantation could be considered legal unless the dead person stated otherwise in his life time.
问题3选项
A.neglect
B.weaken
C.come together with
D.be superior to
问题4选项
A.artificial respiration and massage of the heart have yielded no obvious result
B.a person’s heartbeat and breath has totally stopped
C.standard methods of resuscitation have failed
D.the brain is certainly dead
问题5选项
A.Legal and ethical problems of organ transplantation.
B.Some underlying principles on organ transplantation.
C.The diagnosis of death before organ transplantation.
D.The difference between compulsory postmortem exam and organ transplantation.
第1题:C
第2题:B
第3题:B
第4题:D
第5题:A
第1题:
41.【选项释义】
According to the author, which of the following is NOT true? 根据作者的说法，下列哪项是不正确的？
A. Most countries do not have an effective law on organ transplantation. A. 大多数国家没有关于器官移植的有效法律。
B. The traditional ways of asking for permission of relatives for organ removal dos not proved to be always feasible. B. 事实证明，传统的获得亲属许可的器官切除方法并不总是可行的。
C. It is hard to understand why people should remain silent on compulsory postmortem exam after unexpected death. C. 很难理解为什么人们在意外死亡后对强制性的尸检保持沉默。
D. In some countries these are laws providing that the permission of organ removal is taken for granted unless it has been refused by the person in his lifetime. D. 在一些国家，法律规定除非当事人生前拒绝，否则摘除器官的许可是理所当然的。
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】文章第一段提到：Compulsory postmortem examination, a far more extensive procedure than organ removal for grafting, is required in most countries after unexpected death, and this compulsion is not a matter of public concern and debate.（大多数国家都要求在意外死亡后进行强制性的尸检，这是一个远比器官切除移植更广泛的程序，而这种强制性并不是公众关注和辩论的问题。）可知强制尸检不是一个难以理解的问题，C选项不正确，故符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A选项，文章第一段提到：In most countries, the law on organ transplantation is poorly defined, as legislation has not yet been created to cope with this advance in surgery.（在大多数国家，器官移植的法律定义很不明确，因为尚未制定出针对外科手术进步的立法。）可知A选项正确，故排除；
B选项，由第一段中的It is customary to ask the permission of the relatives, but because organ removal must take place immediately after death, it may be impossible to reach the relatives in time.（习惯上要征得亲属的允许，但由于器官的摘除必须在死亡后立即进行，可能无法及时联系到亲属）可知B选项正确，故排除；
D选项，由第一段中的An alternative is to provide by law that permission is assumed unless removal has been forbidden by the individual in his lifetime. Such laws have been passed in Denmark, France, Sweden, Italy, and Israel.（另一种办法是通过法律规定，除非个人在生前禁止摘除，否则必须获得许可。丹麦、法国、瑞典、意大利和以色列都通过了这样的法律）可知D选项正确，故排除。
42.【选项释义】
Which of the following is NOT a suggestion made in the passage? 下列哪项不是文中提出的建议？
A. People should be encouraged to donate their organs after death. A. 应该鼓励人们在死后捐献器官。
B. Organ removal should be permitted in the course of compulsory postmortem exam. B. 在强制尸检过程中应允许摘除器官。
C. Organ removal for transplantation should be advocated because it benefits the human society. C. 应该提倡摘除器官进行移植，因为这对人类社会有益。
D. Organ removal for transplantation could be considered legal unless the dead person stated otherwise in his life time. D. 为移植而切除器官可以被视为合法，除非死者在世时另有声明。
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】B选项在文中没有提及，属于无中生有，符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A、C选项，文章第一段提到：It has been suggested that there should be a widespread campaign to encourage persons to provide in their wills that their organs be used for transplantation.（有人建议，应开展广泛的宣传，鼓励人们在其遗嘱中规定将其器官用于移植）可知该两项是文中提的建议，故排除；
D选项，第一段中提到：An alternative is to provide by law that permission is assumed unless removal has been forbidden by the individual in his lifetime.（另一种办法是通过法律规定，除非个人在生前禁止摘除，否则必须获得许可）可知D选项是文中提到的建议，故排除。
43.【选项释义】
The word “impair” at the end of Paragraph 2 can be best replaced by _____. 第2段末尾的“impair”一词的最佳替换是_____。
A. neglect A. 忽视
B. weaken B. 削弱
C. come together with C. 进展
D. be superior to D. 优越于
【考查点】词汇推断题
【解题思路】impair出现文章第二段：It is important that there be public reassurance that consideration of transplantation would not impair normal resuscitative efforts of the potential donor.（重要的是要让公众放心，考虑移植不会……潜在捐献者的正常复苏努力。）中，由此可知B选项最符合逻辑关系。
【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不能根据文中的信息推断出来。
44.【选项释义】
It is believed that efforts at resuscitation are useless when _____. 人们相信，当_____时，复苏的努力是无用的。
A. artificial respiration and massage of the heart have yielded no obvious result A. 人工呼吸和心脏按摩没有明显的效果
B. a person’s heartbeat and breath has totally stopped B. 一个人的心跳和呼吸完全停止了
C. standard methods of resuscitation have failed C. 标准的复苏方法已经失败
D. the brain is certainly dead D. 大脑确定死亡
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】文章最后一段提到：Artificial respiration and massage of the heart, the standard methods of resuscitation, are continued until it is clear that the brain is dead. Most physicians consider that beyond this point efforts at resuscitation are useless.（人工呼吸和心脏按摩是复苏的标准方法，要持续进行这两个动作，直到确定大脑已经死亡。大多数医生认为，超过这一点，任何抢救都是徒劳的。），可知选D。
【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项根据解析可知属于曲解原文。
45.【选项释义】
Which of the following sentences can best sum up the passage? 下面哪个句子最能概括这篇文章？
A. Legal and ethical problems of organ transplantation. A. 器官移植的法律和伦理问题。
B. Some underlying principles on organ transplantation. B. 器官移植的一些基本原则。
C. The diagnosis of death before organ transplantation. C. 器官移植前的死亡诊断。
D. The difference between compulsory postmortem exam and organ transplantation. D. 强制尸检与器官移植的区别。
【考查点】主旨大意题
【解题思路】纵观全文，第一、二段讲述了器官移植的法律问题，第三段讲述了器官移植的道德问题，故A选项符合题意。
【干扰项排除】B、C、D是文章中的细节，不能用于概括全文主旨。
第2题:
第3题:
第4题:
第5题:
