We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheal it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not’ the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.
Other researchers agree, Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
One of the most starting examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (便形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin (糖精) by simultaneously feeding them the sweeter and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.
36. Laudenslager’s experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who turn off the electricity________.
37. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to_______.
38. The reason why the mice in Ader’s experiment avoided saccharin was that_______.
39. The passage tells us that the most probably reason for the death of the mice in Ader’s experiment was
that______.
40. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals_______.
问题1选项
A.was strengthened
B.was not affected
C.was altered
D.was weakened
问题2选项
A.try to control unpleasant stimuli
B.turn off the electricity
C.behave passively in controllable situations
D.become abnormally suspicious
问题3选项
A.they disliked its taste
B.it led stomach pains
C.it affected their immune systems
D.they associated it with stomachaches
问题4选项
A.they had been weakened psychologically by saccharin
B.the sweetened was poison to them
C.their immune systems had been altered by the mind
D.they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning
问题5选项
A.can be weakened by conditioning
B.can be suppressed by drug injections
C.can be affected by frequent doses of saccharin
D.can be altered by electric shocks
第1题:B
第2题:C
第3题:D
第4题:C
第5题:B
第1题:
36.【选项释义】
Laudenslager’s experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity_____. Laudenslager的实验表明,那些可以关掉电源的老鼠的免疫系统_____。
A. was strengthened A. 被加强
B. was not affected B. 未受影响
C. was altered C. 被改变
D. was weakened D. 被削弱
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】文章第一段提到:Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity.(Laudenslager发现,无助的老鼠的免疫反应低于正常水平,而那些能关掉电源的老鼠则不受影响。)可知选B。
【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项在文中没有提及,属于无中生有。
37.【选项释义】
According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to_____. 根据文章,无助的经历导致老鼠_____。
A. try to control unpleasant stimuli A. 尽量控制不愉快的刺激
B. turn off the electricity B. 关掉电源
C. behave passively in controllable situations C. 在可控的情况下表现被动
D. become abnormally suspicious D. 变得异常可疑
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】文章第二段中提到:But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control.(但是,如果这些动物遇到了他们无法控制的情况,那么当他们面对他们能够控制的经验时,他们就会被动地表现出来。)其中题干的the experience of helplessness与这句话中的situations they have no control over属于同义替换,可知选C。
【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项在文中没有提及,属于无中生有。
38.【选项释义】
The reason why the mice in Ader’s experiment avoided saccharin was that_____. 阿德实验中的老鼠避免使用糖精的原因是_____。
A. they disliked its taste A. 他们不喜欢它的味道
B. it affected their immune systems B. 它影响他们的免疫系统
C. it led to stomach pains C. 它导致胃痛
D. they associated it with stomachaches D. 他们认为它与胃痛有关
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】文章第三段提到:Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener.(把糖精和胃痛联系起来,老鼠很快就学会了避免吃甜味剂。)可知选D。
【干扰项排除】
A选项属于在文中没有提及,属于无中生有;
B、C选项,文中提到:…by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets.(……通过同时给他们喂甜味剂和注射药物,抑制他们的免疫系统,导致胃部不适。)可知抑制免疫系统的是药物和导致胃痛的是抑制了免疫系统的作用,都不是糖精本身的作用,属于偷换概念。
39.【选项释义】
The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader’s experiment was that_____. 这篇文章告诉我们,Ader实验中老鼠死亡的最可能原因是_____。
A. they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharin A. 他们的心理被糖精削弱了
B. the sweetener was poisonous to them B. 甜味剂对他们有毒
C. their immune systems had been altered by the mind C. 他们的免疫系统被大脑改变了
D. they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning D. 他们在早期条件反射中摄入了太多的甜味剂
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】文章第三段提到:One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.(大脑如何改变免疫反应的最令人吃惊的例子之一是偶然发现的。他只能推测,他已经成功地对老鼠进行了调节,现在单用糖精就足以削弱它们的免疫系统,足以杀死它们。)可知C选项符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A选项,根据解析可知,死亡的原因是他们的免疫系统被削弱了,所以老鼠是身体上被削弱了,而不是心理上,属于曲解原文;
B选项,甜味剂本身对他们是没有毒的,但由于缺失免疫调节,甜味剂才对他们造成了伤害,属于偷换概念;
D选项,根据解析可知,早期条件反射中摄入了太多的甜味剂不会导致他们死亡,死亡的原因是他们的免疫系统被削弱了,属于曲解原文。
40.【选项释义】
It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals_____. 从文中可以得出结论,动物的免疫系统_____。
A. can be weakened by conditioning A. 可以被条件反射削弱
B. can be suppressed by drug injections B. 可以通过药物注射抑制
C. can be affected by frequent doses of saccharin C. 会受到经常服用糖精的影响
D. can be altered by electric shocks D. 可以通过电击改变
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】文章最后一段提到:In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets.(1975年,罗彻斯特大学医学院的心理学家罗伯特•阿德(Robert Ader)通过给小白鼠喂食糖精,同时注射一种药物,使它们在抑制免疫系统的同时产生胃部不适,从而使它们避开糖精。)可知药物注射可以抑制免疫系统,故选B。
【干扰项排除】
A、C选项,根据解析可知药物注射可以抑制免疫系统,从而导致老鼠在服用糖精时胃痛,然后形成条件反射,使得遇到糖精时免疫系统就会被抑制,归根结底动物的免疫系统的变化都是由药物引起的,该两项属于曲解原文;
D选项在文中没有提及,属于无中生有。
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