Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing: A child who claims responsibility for knocking over a tower and tries to rebuild it is engaging in behavior that’s not only reparative but also prosocial.
In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It evokes Freud’s ideas and religious hang-ups. More important, guilt is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Who would inflict it upon a child? Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” Vaish says, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness (think mania) can be destructive.
And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to atone for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.
Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy (and its close cousin empathy) may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.
In a 2014 study, for example, Malti and a colleague looked at 244 children, ages 4, 8, and 12. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, they rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions (like guilt and sadness) after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.
1.Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help ( ).
2.According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be ( ).
3.Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that ( ).
4.Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing ( ).
5.The word “transgressions”(Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to ( ).
问题1选项
A.regulate a child’s basic emotions
B.improve a child’s intellectual ability
C.intensify a child’s positive feelings
D.foster a child’s moral development
问题2选项
A.deceptive
B.addictive
C.burdensome
D.inexcusable
问题3选项
A.an emotion can play opposing roles
B.emotions are socially constructive
C.emotional stability can benefit health
D.emotions are context-independent
问题4选项
A.may help correct emotional deficiencies
B.can bring about emotional satisfaction
C.can result from either sympathy or guilt
D.may be the outcome of impulsive acts
问题5选项
A.wrongdoings
B.discussions
C.restrictions
D.teachings
第1题:D
第2题:C
第3题:A
第4题:C
第5题:A
第1题:
【选项释义】
Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help _____. 研究人员认为内疚是一件好事,因为它可以帮助_____。
A. regulate a child’s basic emotions A. 调节孩子的基本情绪
B. improve a child’s intellectual ability B. 提高孩子的智力
C. intensify a child’s positive feelings C. 强化孩子的积极情绪
D. foster a child’s moral development D. 培养孩子的道德发展
【答案】D
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】题干所说的事实在原文第一段第三句“This is why…”,由此可知,答案出处在上文,也就是第二句“孩子们(Children)不是生来就知道如何说‘对不起’(sorry);相反,随着时间的推移,他们了解到这样的说法安抚了父母和朋友,以及他们自己的良心(consciences)”,由此可知,选项D说法符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、C选项原文没有提及,属于无中生有。
第2题:
【选项释义】
According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be _____. 根据第二段,许多人仍然认为内疚是_____。
A. deceptive A. 欺骗性的
B. addictive B. 成瘾的
C. burdensome C. 负担沉重的
D. inexcusable D. 不可原谅的
【答案】C
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干定位到第二段第三句“这种感觉非常不舒服,就像穿着一件石头做的夹克一样(a jacket weighted with stones)”,换言之,就是“沉重”,选项C符合。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、D选项不符合原文,属于曲解原文。
第3题:
【选项释义】
Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that _____. Vaish认为,对内疚的重新思考来自于一种意识_____。
A. an emotion can play opposing roles A. 一种可以扮演相反的角色的情感
B. emotions are socially constructive B. 具有社会建构性的情感
C. emotional stability can benefit health C. 情绪稳定有利于健康
D. emotions are context-independent D. 情绪与情景无关
【答案】A
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干定位到第二段倒数第三句“瓦伊什说:‘对于什么是内疚(what guilt is)以及内疚能起到什么作用,已经有了一种复兴或重新思考(rethinking)’。他补充说,这种复兴是一种更广泛认识的一部分,即情绪不是二元情感(binary),在一种情况下(one context)可能是有利的(advantageous),在另一种情况下可能是有害的(harmful)”,由此可知,选项A符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
B、C选项原文没有提及,属于无中生有;
D选项“情绪与情景无关”,与原文表述不符,属于曲解原文。
第4题:
【选项释义】
Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _____. 马尔蒂和其他人已经展示了合作和分享_____。
A. may help correct emotional deficiencies A. 可能有助于纠正情绪缺陷
B. can bring about emotional satisfaction B. 能带来情感上的满足
C. can result from either sympathy or guilt C. 要么归因于同情,要么归因于内疚
D. may be the outcome of impulsive acts D. 可能是冲动行为的结果
【答案】C
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干定位到第四段第三句“在许多研究中,马尔蒂和其他人已经表明,内疚和同情(guilt and sympathy)(及其近亲同理心)可能代表着合作和分享(cooperation and sharing)的不同途径”,由此可知选项C正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“可能有助于纠正情绪缺陷”,第四段第二句提到“内疚(guilt)可以弥补情感缺陷(emotional deficiency)”,由此可知,并不是“合作和分享有助于纠正情感缺陷”,该选项属于张冠李戴;
B选项原文没有提及,属于无中生有;
D选项“可能是冲动行为的结果”,第四段最后一句提到“内疚可以控制他们更恶劣的冲动(impulses)”,由此可知,情绪是因,冲动是果,该表述错误,属于曲解原文。
第5题:
【选项释义】
The word “transgressions” (Line 4,Para. 5) is closest in meaning to _____. 单词“transgressions”(第四行,第五段)的意思与_____最接近。
A. wrongdoings A. 坏事
B. discussions B. 讨论
C. restrictions C. 限制
D. teachings D. 教导
【答案】A
【考查点】词义推测题。
【解题思路】定位到第五段第二句“他或她在道德上……倾向于感到消极情绪(feel negative emotions)”,由于后面提到的是负面情绪,因此肯定是道德方面处于负面状态。选项A符合。
【干扰项排除】
B、C、D选项不符合词义,属于曲解原文。
【参考译文】
与悲伤、恐惧和愤怒等所谓的基本情绪不同,内疚感的出现要稍晚一些,是随着儿童对社会和道德规范的理解不断加深而出现的。孩子们并不是生来就懂得说“对不起”;相反,随着时间的推移,他们了解到这样的陈述可以安抚父母、朋友和自己的良心。这就是为什么研究人员普遍认为,所谓的道德负罪感在适当的程度上是一件好事:一个孩子如果声称自己对推倒一座塔负有责任,并试图重建它,那么他的行为不仅是补偿性的,而且也是合理的。
当然,在大众的想象中,内疚仍然有不好的名声。它让人联想到弗洛伊德的思想和宗教困扰。更重要的是,内疚感让人深感不适——它在情感上就相当于穿着一件装满石头的夹克。谁会把它强加给孩子呢?然而,这种认识已经过时了。韦什说:“人们已经开始复兴或重新思考什么是内疚感以及内疚感的作用,”他补充说,这种复兴是一种更广泛的认识的一部分,即情绪并非二元对立的—— 在某种情况下可能有利的情绪在另一种情况下可能是有害的。例如,嫉妒和愤怒可能是为了提醒我们注意重要的不平等而进化而来的。过多的快乐(如狂躁症)可能具有破坏性。
而内疚则会促使我们更深入地思考自己的善良,从而鼓励人类弥补错误,修复关系。换句话说,内疚感有助于将合作的物种维系在一起。它是一种社会粘合剂。
从这个角度来看,内疚是一种机遇。多伦多大学心理学教授蒂娜·马尔蒂的研究表明,内疚感可以弥补情感上的不足。马尔蒂等人在多项研究中表明,内疚感和同情心(及其近亲移情作用)可能代表着通往合作与分享的不同途径。一些同情心不足的孩子可能会通过体验更多的内疚感来弥补这种不足,这可以抑制他们更邪恶的冲动。反之亦然:高同情心可以替代低内疚感。
例如,在2014年的一项研究中,马尔蒂和同事调查了244名4岁、8岁和12岁的儿童。他们利用照顾者的评估和孩子们的自我观察,评定了每个孩子的整体同情心水平,以及他们在道德过失后产生负面情绪(如内疚和悲伤)的倾向。然后给孩子们分发贴纸和巧克力币,让他们有机会与匿名儿童分享。对于低同情心的孩子来说,他们分享的多少似乎取决于他们有多倾向于感到内疚。容易内疚的孩子分享得更多,尽管他们并没有神奇地变得更同情另一个孩子的匮乏。
【出处】《大西洋》2018.4