Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities staring in a new video for World Environment Day—encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples to combat the plastic crisis.
My biggest concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved on their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions—a kind of “moral licensing” that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.
While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “citizens” hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change. Nowhere in World Environment Day 2018’s key messages is there anything about voting for environmentally progressive politicians, for example. Why not?
It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority—or even most people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Could People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. De Sombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.
This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.” There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.
De Sombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.
None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting business), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change. That’s not something we can buy.
1.Some celebrities star in a new video to( ).
2.The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may ( ).
3.By pointing out our identity as “citizens,” the author indicates that ( ).
4.De Sombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be ( ).
5.The author concludes that individual efforts( ).
问题1选项
A.demand new laws on the use of plastics
B.urge consumers to cut the use of plastics
C.invite public opinion on the plastics crisis
D.disclose the causes of the plastics crisis
问题2选项
A.mislead us into doing worthless things
B.prevent us from making further efforts
C.weaken our sense of accomplishment
D.suppress our desire for success
问题3选项
A.our focus should be shifted to community welfare
B.our relationship with local industries is improving
C.we have been actively exercising our civil rights
D.we should press our governments to lead the combat
问题4选项
A.a win-win arrangement
B.a self-driven mechanism
C.a cost-effective approach
D.a top down process
问题5选项
A.can be too aggressive
B.are far from sufficient
C.can be too inconsistent
D.are far from rational
第1题:B
第2题:B
第3题:D
第4题:D
第5题:B
第1题:
【选项释义】
Some celebrities star in a new video to _____. 一些明星在新视频中_____。
A. demand new laws on the use of plastics A. 要求制定新的塑料使用法律
B. urge consumers to cut the use of plastics B. 敦促消费者减少塑料的使用
C. invite public opinion on the plastics crisis C. 就塑料危机征求公众意见
D. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis D. 揭示塑料危机的原因
【答案】B
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干定位到首段第二句“他们是一群名人(celebrities)中的一员,他们在世界环境日的一段新视频中(in a new video)鼓励你——消费者(consumer),更换一次性塑料订书钉(single-use plastic staples),以应对塑料危机(plastic crisis)”,由此可知,视频的目的就是“敦促消费者减少塑料的使用”,选项B正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、C、D选项原文没有提及,属于无中生有。
第2题:
【选项释义】
The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may _____. 作者担心“道德许可”可能_____。
A. mislead us into doing worthless things A. 误导我们去做没有价值的事情
B. prevent us from making further efforts B. 阻止我们进一步努力
C. weaken our sense of accomplishment C. 削弱我们的成就感
D. suppress our desire for success D. 压抑我们对成功的渴望
【答案】B
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干定位到第二段最后一句“它们甚至可能是有害的,满足了‘尽自己的一份力’的需要,而没有(without)采取更大、更大胆、更有效的行动(bigger, bolder, more effective actions)——这是一种‘道德许可’(moral licensing),可以缓解我们的担忧,阻止我们做更多的事情(doing more),并要求更多人负责”,由此可知,道德许可其实是阻碍了我们进一步的努力,选项B正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、C、D选项原文没有提及,属于无中生有。
第3题:
【选项释义】
By pointing out our identity as “citizens,” the author indicates that _____. 作者指出了我们的“市民”身份,意味着_____。
A. our focus should be shifted to community welfare A. 我们的重点应该转移到社区福利上
B. our relationship with local industries is improving B. 我们与当地工业的关系正在改善
C. we have been actively exercising our civil rights C. 我们一直在积极行使我们的公民权利
D. we should press our governments to lead the combat D. 我们应该敦促各国政府领导这场战斗
【答案】D
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干定位到原文第三段第一句“……但我们忽视了权力的平衡(ignoring the balance of power),这意味着作为‘消费者’,我们必须可持续地购物,而不是作为‘公民’(citizens),让我们的政府和行业(governments and industries)承担责任,以推动真正的系统性变革”,由此可知,作者真正的意思是:作为公民要敦促各国政府领导这场战斗,选项D符合。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、C选项原文没有提及,属于无中生有。
第4题:
【选项释义】
De Sombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be_____. De Sombre认为,集体变革的最佳方式应该是_____。
A. a win-win arrangement A. 一个双赢的安排
B. a self-driven mechanism B. 自励的机制
C. a cost-effective approach C. 成本效益的方法
D. a top down process D. 自上而下过程
【答案】D
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干定位到第四段最后一句“De Sombre认为,集体改变大量人群行为的最佳方式是结构性的改变(change to be structural)”,由此可知,选项D符合。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、C选项原文没有提及,属于无中生有。
第5题:
【选项释义】
The author concludes that individual efforts _____. 作者总结说,个人努力_____。
A. can be too aggressive A. 可能太咄咄逼人了
B. are far from sufficient B. 远远不够
C. can be too inconsistent C. 可能太不一致了
D. are far from rational D. 完全不理性
【答案】B
【考查点】观点态度题。
【解题思路】根据题干定位到最后一段“所有这些都不是关于抹杀个人(writing off the individual)。这只是把事情放在正确的角度。我们没有时间等了。我们需要形成集体行动(并控制污染企业)的进步政策(progressive policies),以及积极参与推动变革的公民”,所以,作者强调的是个人努力远远不够,还需要政策支持,选项B正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、C、D选项不符合作者的态度,属于曲解原文。
【参考译文】
阿诺德·施瓦辛格、迪亚·米尔扎和阿德里安·格雷尼尔有话要对你们说: 战胜塑料很容易。他们是为世界环境日拍摄的新视频中的名人之一——鼓励你——消费者——换掉一次性塑料用品,以应对塑料危机。
然而,我最担心的是,如果由个人来决定,我们对自己需要实现的目标认识有限,例如,自己带着购物袋去杂货店或放弃塑料吸管,这些都不会有什么效果,对我们的要求也很低。它们甚至可能是有害的,只能满足我们“尽一份力”的需要,而无法发展出更宏大、更大胆、更有效的行动——一种“道德许可”,它减轻了我们的担忧,阻止我们做更多的事情,也阻止了我们向负责人提出更多的要求。
当围绕我们的环境和我们对环境的责任的对话仍然集中在购物袋和吸管上时,我们忽视了权力的平衡,这意味着作为“消费者”,我们必须以可持续的方式购物,而不是作为“公民”,让我们的政府和行业承担责任,推动真正的系统性变革。例如,2018年世界环境日的关键信息中没有任何关于投票支持环保进步的政治家的内容。为什么没有?
重要的是要承认,环境问题并不是每个人的优先事项,甚至不是大多数人的优先事项。我们不应该期望它成为优先事项。韦尔斯利学院教授伊丽莎白·R·德桑布雷在其最新著作《为什么人们会做破坏环境的事》中指出,集体改变大量人行为的最佳方式是结构性改变。
这可能意味着要实施一些政策,比如征收塑料税,为破坏环境的行为增加成本,或者完全禁止一次性塑料制品。印度刚刚宣布将“在2022年前消除国内所有一次性塑料制品”。还有一些基于激励的方法可以让人们更容易做出更好的环保选择,比如确保回收利用至少与垃圾处理一样容易。
德桑布雷并不是说人们应该停止关注环境。她说,只是个人行动太慢,不足以成为改变普遍行为的唯一方法,甚至不是主要方法。
这一切都不是在否定个人。只是要正确看待事物。我们没有时间等待。我们需要进步的政策来塑造集体行动(并控制污染企业),同时需要公民的参与来推动变革。这不是我们能买到的东西。
【出处】《赫芬顿邮报》2018.6.5