To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than “Monkey see, monkey do.”
Look at it from the child’s point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.
There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.
In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may most influence his approach to books.
Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situation, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.
1. For a child the first element in his learning by imitation is ________.
2. Apart from achieving his desired results, a child should also learn to ________.
3. Children tend to imitate their models ________.
4. “An identifying figure” (Para. 5) refers to a person ________.
问题1选项
A.the need to find an authority
B.the need to find a way to achieve the desired result
C.the need for more affection from his parents
D.the desire to meet the standards of his social group
问题2选项
A.behave properly
B.attain his goal as soon as possible
C.show his affection for his parents
D.talk quietly
问题3选项
A.who do not criticize them
B.who bring them unexpected rewards
C.whom they want to be like
D.whose social status is high
问题4选项
A.who serves as a model for others
B.who is always successful
C.who can be depended upon
D.who has been rewarded for his success
第1题:
【选项释义】
For a child the first element in his learning by imitation is ________. 对孩子来说,模仿式学习的第一个因素是________。
A. the need to find an authority A. 需要找到权威
B. the need to find a way to achieve the desired result B. 需要找到达到预期结果的方法
C. the need for more affection from his parents C. 需要从父母那里得到更多的爱
D. the desire to meet the standards of his social group D. 希望达到所在的社会群体的标准
【答案】B
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干中信息词first element定位到第三段第一句,该处讲到“还有第二个因素在起作用(second element)”,推测第一因素在第二段,结合第二段第三、四句,该处讲到“他在寻求(seeking)一种能达到特定目的的反应(gain certain ends)……他观察到(observes)一个似乎能够得到正确结果(right result)的模型。”,可知模仿式学习的第一个因素是需要达到自己想要的结果,因此B选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“需要找到权威”:对应第二段最后一句,该处讲到“孩子们会寻找一个权威人士(authority)或专家来告诉他们该做什么(what to do)”,可知寻求权威的建议是是方法,而不是原因,属于偷换概念;
C选项“需要从父母那里得到更多的爱”:对应第三段倒数第三句,该处讲到“当父母喜欢他的反应时(when his parents like his response),他会得到更多的爱(affection)和认可。”,这是属于第二因素的内容,而非第一因素,属于张冠李戴;
D选项“希望达到所在的社会群体的标准”:对应第三段最后一句,该处讲到“如果一个人想得到他人的持续支持和维持自己的自尊(support of others and his own self-respect),他必须以社会群体认可的方式回应(responses his social group approves)。”,这是属于第二因素的内容,而非第一因素,属于张冠李戴。
第2题:
【选项释义】
Apart from achieving his desired results, a child should also learn to ________. 除了达到他想要的结果,一个孩子还应该学会________。
A. behave properly A. 行为恰当
B. attain his goal as soon as possible B. 尽快实现目标
C. show his affection for his parents C. 对父母表达爱
D. talk quietly D. 小声说话
【答案】A
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】此题定位到第三段第四、五、六句,该处讲到“解决任何客观问题(solve any objective situation)的愿望就变成了正确解决问题(solve it properly)的愿望。孩子早期学到的一件事是,当父母喜欢他的反应时,他会得到更多的爱和认可。然后其他成年人奖励一些行为,批评其他行为。”,可知除了达到希望的结果,还需要行为恰当,因此A选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“尽快实现目标”:对应第三段第二句,该处讲到“孩子可能会达到他的即时目标(immediate goal),却发现他的方法受到了其观察者的批评。”,这里表达的是孩子在实现当下想要实现的目标时,如果方式不符合社会标准,会受到批评,并没有鼓励孩子尽快实现目标,属于偷换概念;
C选项“对父母表达爱”:文中没有提到对父母表达爱意,属于无中生有;
D选项“轻言细语”:对应第三段第三句,该处讲到“他应该走到隔壁房间,小声说话(say his say quietly)”,这是针对吵闹的孩子说的,而不是所有的孩子,属于以偏概全。
第3题:
【选项释义】
Children tend to imitate their models ________. 孩子们倾向于模仿________的榜样。
A. who do not criticize them A. 不批评他们
B. who bring them unexpected rewards B. 给他们带来了意想不到的回报
C. whom they want to be like C. 他们想要与之相像
D. whose social status is high D. 社会地位高
【答案】C
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干中信息词imitate their models定位到第四段第二、三句,该处讲到“他模仿那些看起来不错的人(seems a good person)……如果一个学生想成为一名优秀的小提琴家(wants to be a good violinist),他会观察和模仿(observe and try to copy)优秀演奏者(capable players)的技巧。”,可知孩子们倾向于模仿有自己想要的品质的人,因此C选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“不批评他们”:文中没有提到模仿不批评他们的人,属于无中生有;
B选项“给他们带来了意想不到的回报”:文中没有提到给他们带来意外回报的人,属于无中生有;
D选项“社会地位高”:对应第四段第二句,该处讲到“他模仿那些看起来不错的人,而不是那些他希望避免其社会身份的人(whose social status he wishes to avoid)。”,这里表达的是孩子会模仿自己想成为的、具有某个社会身份的人,而不是模仿社会地位高的人,属于偷换概念。
第4题:
【选项释义】
“An identifying figure” (Para. 5) refers to a person ________. “标志性人物”(第5段)是指________的人。
A. who serves as a model for others A. 为他人树立榜样
B. who is always successful B. 总是成功
C. who can be depended upon C. 可以信赖
D. who has been rewarded for his success D. 因他的成功而获益
【答案】A
【考查点】语义推断题。
【解题思路】根据题干中信息词An identifying figure定位到第五段第一句,该处讲到“对某一品质的崇拜(Admiration of one quality)往往会使我们对一个人的整体产生崇拜(admire a person as a whole),而这个人也就成为了______。”,结合该段第二句“很大程度地模仿(imitating much)他们所做的”,可知横线处是指对某个人有崇拜之情,并且模仿他,因此A选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“总是成功”:对应第五段第一句“对某一品质的崇拜(Admiration of one quality)往往会使我们对一个人的整体产生崇拜”和最后一句“因为模仿他们会通向成功的道路(leads to success)”,不是因为他们总是成功而模仿他们,而是因为模仿他们的优秀品质会带来成功,属于偷换概念;
C选项“可以信赖”:文中没有提到,属于无中生有;
D选项“因他的成功而获益”:对应文章最后一句,该处讲到“因为模仿他们会通向成功的道路(leads to success)”,通过模仿他们,自己可能会成功,而不是因为他们的成功自己获得直接的好处,属于偷换概念。