There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know well how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to rulers by ancient writers, who related how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given to Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures, and that the one without the other is not durable.
A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and when the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this precept would not be good; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wished to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfillment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and show how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived.
1. The writer does not believe that __________.
2. “Prince” in the passage designates __________.
3. The lion represents those who are __________.
4. The fox, in the passage, is __________.
5. The writer suggests that a successful leader must __________.
问题1选项
A.the truth makes men free
B.people can protect themselves
C.princes are human
D.leaders have to be consistent
问题2选项
A.anyone in power
B.elected officials
C.aristocrats
D.sons of kings
问题3选项
A.too trusting
B.reliant on force
C.strong and powerful
D.lacking in intelligence
问题4选项
A.admired for his trickery
B.no match for the lion
C.pitied for his wiles
D.considered worthless
问题5选项
A.be prudent and faithful
B.cheat and lie
C.have principle to guide his actions
D.follow the truth
第1题:D
第2题:A
第3题:C
第4题:A
第5题:B
第1题:
【选项释义】
The writer does not believe that ________. 作者不认为________。
A. the truth makes men free A. 真理使人自由
B. people can protect themselves B. 人们可以保护自己
C. princes are human C. 君主属于人这一类
D. leaders have to be consistent D. 领导者必须言行一致
【答案】D
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】此题定位到第二段第三、四句,该处讲到“当守信用会违背他的利益时,当使他约束自己的理由不再存在时,一个谨慎的统治者不应该守信用(ought not to keep faith when)……他们既然坏(as they are bad),不肯向你们守信,你也就不必向他们守信(not bound to keep faith)。”,可知作者不认为领导者必须在任何时候都信守承诺,言行一致。因此D项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“真理使人自由”:文章没有讨论真理和自由的关系,属于无中生有;
B选项“人们可以保护自己”:文中没有讨论人们是否可以保护自己,属于无中生有;
C选项“君主属于人这一类”:对应第一段第四句“一个君主必须懂得如何同时利用人与兽的方法(use both the beast and the man)。”,文中的君主是未来的统治者,需要用到人和动物的方法,君主属于人类,属于反向干扰。
第2题:
【选项释义】
“Prince” in the passage designates __________. 文章中的“Prince”指的是__________。
A. anyone in power A. 任何掌权的人
B. elected officials B. 当选官员
C. aristocrats C. 贵族成员
D. sons of kings D. 国王的儿子
【答案】A
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】此题定位到第二段第一句和第三句“因此,A prince必须知道如何像野兽一样行动,他必须模仿狐狸和狮子,因为狮子无法保护自己不受陷阱的伤害,而狐狸也无法保护自己不受狼的伤害。……因此,”,该处讲到“因此,当守信用会违背他的利益时,当使他约束自己的理由不再存在时,一个谨慎的统治者(a prudent ruler)不应该守信用。”,这里说的Prince和统治者是一样的,都是指掌权的人。因此A选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“当选官员”和C选项“贵族成员”:文中没有提到,属于无中生有;
D选项“国王的儿子”:这里的Prince不是指国王儿子的这个身份,而是指掌权的人,属于曲解原文。
第3题:
【选项释义】
The lion represents those who are ________. 狮子代表那些________的人。
A. too trusting A. 过于轻信
B. reliant on force B. 依赖于武力
C. strong and powerful C. 强壮有力
D. lacking in intelligence D. 缺乏智慧
【答案】C
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】此题定位到第二段第一、二句,该处讲到“一个君主必须知道如何像野兽一样行动,他必须模仿狐狸和狮子(must imitate the fox, and the lion),因为狮子无法保护自己不受陷阱的伤害(lion cannot protect himself from traps),而狐狸也无法保护自己不受狼的伤害。那些只希望成为狮子的人不明白这一点(wish to be only lions do not understand this)。”,在狮子与狐狸之间有一个鲜明的对比,狮子不能躲过陷阱,而狐狸逃脱不了被狼袭击的命运,故我们能看出狮子是靠自己的力量。因此C选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“过于轻信”:文中没有提到,属于无中生有;
B选项“依赖于武力”:文中没有强调狮子依赖于武力,只是说狮子很强壮,不会受到别的动物的攻击,属于推理过度;
D选项“缺乏智慧”:文中没有提到,属于无中生有。
第4题:
【选项释义】
The fox, in the passage, is ________. 文章中的狐狸________。
A. admired for his trickery A. 因其诡计多端而受到赞赏
B. no match for the lion B. 不是狮子的对手
C. pitied for his wiles C. 因其诡计而受到怜悯
D. considered worthless D. 被认为一文不值
【答案】A
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】此题定位到文章倒数第二句,该处讲到“那些最善于模仿狐狸的人却最成功(imitate the fox have succeeded best)。”,可知在文章中,狐狸和成功联系在一起,狐狸因为诡计多端而被赞扬。因此A选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“不是狮子的对手”:对应第二段第一句“狮子无法保护自己不受陷阱的伤害,而狐狸也无法保护自己不受狼的伤害。”文章没有说狮子和狐狸哪个更厉害,而是说这两种动物的特质都需要具备,属于曲解原文;
C选项“因其诡计而受到怜悯”:根据解题思路,可知狐狸没有受到怜悯,而是赞扬,属于偷换概念;
D选项“被认为一文不值”:根据解题思路,可知狐狸被赞扬,狐狸不是一文不值,而是在取得成功上很有价值,属于反向干扰。
第5题:
【选项释义】
The writer suggests that a successful leader must ________. 作者言下之意是说一个成功的领导者必须________。
A. be prudent and faithful A. 谨慎和忠诚
B. cheat and lie B. 欺骗和说谎
C. have principle to guide his actions B. 有原则来指导其行动
D. follow the truth D. 遵循事实
【答案】B
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干中信息词must定位到文章最后一句,该处讲到“但是,有必要(necessary)把这种性格伪装(disguise)得很好,成为一个极好的伪装者和伪君子(great feigner and dissembler),而人们都是那么单纯,那么乐意服从眼前的需要,以至于欺骗的人总是会发现那些允许自己被欺骗(deceived)的人。”,这里指的是作为统治者,有必要伪装,也就是有必要欺骗和说谎。因此B选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“谨慎和忠诚”:对应第二段第三句“一个谨慎的统治者(a prudent ruler)不应该守信用。”,这里指的是谨慎的统治者应该怎样,而不是说统治者应该谨慎,而且文中没有表达统治者需要忠诚的意思,属于曲解原文;
C选项“有原则来指导其行动”:文中没有提到,属于无中生有;
D选项“遵循事实”:根据解题思路,可知作者认为统治者不必遵循事实,而是需要伪装,属于反向干扰。
【文章来源】《君主论》尼可罗•马基亚维利1532
【参考译文】
有两种斗争方法:一种方法是运用法律,另一种方法是运用武力。第一种方法是属于人类的,而第二种方法则是属于野兽的。但是,因为第一种常常有所不足,所以必须诉诸第二种。因此,对于一个君主来说,必须懂得怎样善于使用野兽和人类的方法。这是古代作家秘密传授给统治者的,他们描写阿喀琉斯和古代许多其他君主怎样被交给半人半马的怪物喀戎喂养,并且在它的训练下管教成人。这个半动物半人的老师的寓言意在表明,一个君主必须知道如何利用这两种天性,如果只具有一种而缺乏另一种,不论哪一种都是不经用的。
因此,一个君主必须知道如何运用野兽的方法,他就应当同时效仿狐狸和狮子,因为狮子不能够防止自己落入陷阱,而狐狸则不能够抵御狼的伤害。那些只想当狮子的人们不会理解这点。所以,如果这样做有损于他的利益,而且使他约束自己的理由不再存在,一位英明的统治者就不应该遵守信义。假如人们全都是善良的话,这条戒律就不合适了。但是因为人们是恶劣的,而且不愿遵守他们对你的诺言,因此你也同样地无需对他们守信。一位君主如果想为自己的背信弃义找个冠冕堂皇的借口,他也总是不乏正当的理由。关于这一点,我能够可以举出无数的例子,它们表明:许多和约和许多诺言由于君主们没有信义而作废和无效;而那些深知怎样模仿狐狸的人却获得最大的成功。但是,很好地掩饰这种性格是很必要的,并且必须做一个伟大的伪装者和假好人。人们是那么地单纯,那么乐于服从眼前的需要,因此要进行欺骗的人总可以找到某些上当受骗的人