New research from Harvard Medical School and University of California, San Diego suggests that happiness is influenced not only by the people you know but by the people we don’t know.
The study showed that happiness spreads through social networks, sort of like a virus, meaning that your happiness could influence the happiness of someone you’ve never met.
“We have known for a long time that there is a direct relationship between one person’s happiness and another’s,” Fowler tells WebMD.
“But this study shows that indirect relationships also affect happiness. We found a statistical relationship not just between your happiness and your friend’s happiness, but between your happiness and your friends’ friends’ friends’ happiness.”
Fowler and Harvard social scientists Nicholas Christakis, have been studying social networks for several years. Last year the pair made headlines when they reported that obesity seems to spread through social groups, so that your chances of becoming overweight are greater when your friends and their friends gain weight.
A related study, published earlier this year, found that smokers were more likely to give up cigarettes when their family, friends, and other social contacts stopped smoking.
Their latest research was designed to determine whether happiness spreads through social media networks in a similar way.
The researchers recreated the social networks of 4,739 participants whose happiness was measured from 1983 to 2003. Important family changes for each participant—such as a birth, death, marriage, or divorce—were also recorded. The participants were also asked to name family members, close friends, coworkers, and neighbors.
After the researchers identified more than 50,000 social and family ties and analyzed the spread of happiness through the group, they concluded that the happiness of an immediate social contact increased an individual’s chances of becoming happy by 15%.
The happiness of a second-degree contact, such as the spouse of a friend, increases the likeliness of becoming happy by 10% and the happiness of a third degree contact—or the friend of a friend of a friend—increases the likelihood of becoming happy by 6%. The association was not seen in fourth-degree contacts.
Having more friends also increased happiness, but having friends who were happy was a much bigger influence on happiness.
Fowler says the findings do not mean you should avoid unhappy people, but that you should make an effort whenever you can to spread happiness.
1. What is the possible meaning of the underlined word obesity in Paragraph 5?
2. Which of the following social contacts of a person is fourth-degree?
3. Which social contact is the contact whose happiness has the greatest influence on a person?
4. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
5. The most appropriate title for this article should be ______.
问题1选项
A.Bad habit.
B.Disease.
C.Gaining weight.
D.Being very fat.
问题2选项
A.His wife’s friends’ friends’ friends.
B.His friends’ friends’ friends.
C.His child’s teacher’s friends.
D.His wife.
问题3选项
A.Immediate.
B.Second-degree.
C.Third-degree.
D.Fourth-degree.
问题4选项
A.The researchers found certain relationship between a person’s happiness and his fourth-degree contact’s happiness.
B.Having friends who are happy is even more important than having more friends if one wants to be happy.
C.The findings of the study imply that one shall try to avoid contacts with unhappy people.
D.Your happiness could only influence the happiness of someone you’ve met.
问题5选项
A.The More Friends We Have, the Happier We Are
B.Happiness is Contagious
C.Relationships Affect Happiness
D.Spread Happiness Whenever We can
第1题:D
第2题:A
第3题:A
第4题:B
第5题:B
第1题:
【选项释义】
What is the possible meaning of the underlined word obesity in Paragraph 5? 第5段中划线的单词“obesity”的可能含义是什么?
A. Bad habit. A. 坏习惯。
B. Disease. B. 疾病。
C. Gaining weight. C. 增加体重。
D. Being very fat. D. 变得很胖。
【答案】D
【考查点】词义推测题。
【解题思路】首先定位至第五段划线处“去年,这对夫妇的报道登上了头条,他们说obesity似乎在社会群体中蔓延,所以当你的朋友和他们的朋友体重增加(gain weight)时,你超重(overweight)的可能性更大”,从中可知,obesity能在社会群体蔓延,当朋友gain weight(增加体重)的时候,你就会有可能overweight,综合理解可推测,obesity在这里指的是overweight(超重),也就是“过度肥胖”,故该题选择D项“变得很胖”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A项“坏习惯”和B项“疾病”在原文没有依据,这两项属于无中生有;
C项“增加体重”不代表overweight,该项属于曲解原文。
第2题:
【选项释义】
Which of the following social contacts of a person is fourth-degree? 以下哪一种社会交往是第四层次的?
A. His wife’s friends’ friends’ friends. A. 他妻子的朋友的朋友的朋友。
B. His friends’ friends’ friends. B. 他的朋友的朋友的朋友。
C. His child’s teacher’s friends. C. 他孩子的老师的朋友。
D. His wife. D. 他的妻子。
【答案】A
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据关键词fourth-degree定位至倒数第三段的内容“第二层次的联系,比如朋友的配偶,会增加10%的幸福感,第三层次的联系,或者朋友的朋友的朋友,会增加6%的幸福感。这种联系在第四层次的接触中没有出现。”,从中可知,第二层次是通过朋友认识的另外一个人,第三层次是通过朋友的朋友的朋友,那么推断第四层次是第三层次的基础上再加一个人,A项“他妻子的朋友的朋友的朋友”符合这一分析,该题选择A项符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
B项“他的朋友的朋友的朋友”和C项“他孩子的老师的朋友”属于第三层次的社会联系,这两项属于张冠李戴;
D项“他的妻子”是直接的社会接触,该项也属于张冠李戴。
第3题:
【选项释义】
Which social contact is the contact whose happiness has the greatest influence on a person? 哪个社会交往对一个人的幸福影响最大?
A. Immediate. A. 直接的。
B. Second-degree. B. 第二层次。
C. Third-degree. C. 第三层次。
D. Fourth-degree. D. 第四层次。
【答案】A
【考查点】细节事实题。
【解题思路】根据倒数第四段的内容“……直接的社会接触带来的快乐使一个人变得快乐的几率增加了15%”,以及倒数第三段的内容“第二层次的联系,比如朋友的配偶,会增加10%的幸福感,第三层次的联系,或者朋友的朋友的朋友,会增加6%的幸福感。这种联系在第四层次的接触中没有出现。”综合理解可知,直接的社会接触对一个人的幸福影响最大,该题选择A项“直接的”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
B项“第二层次”、C项“第三层次”和D项“第四层次”的社会交往等级对一个人的幸福影响是逐级递减的,这三项属于张冠李戴。
第4题:
【选项释义】
Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? 根据文章,下列哪个陈述是正确的?
A. The researchers found certain relationship between a person’s happiness and his fourth-degree contact’s happiness. A. 研究人员发现,一个人的幸福感和他的第四层次接触者的幸福感之间存在一定的关系。
B. Having friends who are happy is even more important than having more friends if one wants to be happy. B. 如果一个人想要快乐,拥有快乐的朋友比拥有更多的朋友更重要。
C. The findings of the study imply that one shall try to avoid contacts with unhappy people. C. 这项研究的结果表明,一个人应该尽量避免与不快乐的人接触。
D. Your happiness could only influence the happiness of someone you’ve met. D. 你的幸福只会影响你遇到的人的幸福。
【答案】B
【考查点】细节事实题。
【解题思路】根据倒数第二段的内容“拥有更多的朋友也会增加幸福感,但拥有快乐的朋友对幸福感的影响更大”可知,拥有快乐的朋友比拥有更多的朋友更重要,该题选择B项“如果一个人想要快乐,拥有快乐的朋友比拥有更多的朋友更重要”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A项“研究人员发现,一个人的幸福感和他的第四层次接触者的幸福感之间存在一定的关系”,由倒数第三段最后一句“这种联系在第四层次的接触中没有出现”可知,一个人的幸福感和他的第四层次接触者的幸福感之间没有联系,该项属于反向干扰;
C项“这项研究的结果表明,一个人应该尽量避免与不快乐的人接触”,由文章最后一句“福勒说,这一发现并不意味着你应该避开不快乐的人,但你应该尽一切努力传播快乐”可知,该项与原文相反,也属于反向干扰;
D项“你的幸福只会影响你遇到的人的幸福”,从原文可知,第二层次和第三层次的社会交往也会影响到一个人的幸福感,所以该项表述绝对,属于曲解原文。
第5题:
【选项释义】
The most appropriate title for this article should be ________. 本文最合适的标题应该是________。
A. The More Friends We Have, the Happier We Are A. 我们的朋友越多,我们就越快乐
B. Happiness is Contagious B. 幸福是会传染的
C. Relationships Affect Happiness C. 人际关系影响幸福
D. Spread Happiness Whenever We can D. 尽我们所能传播快乐
【答案】B
【考查点】主旨大意题。
【解题思路】首先定位文章首段,该段指出“幸福感不仅会受到你认识的人的影响,还会受到我们不认识的人的影响”,可知这篇文章主要围绕happiness来展开论述,然后第二段点明“快乐通过社交网络传播,有点像病毒,这意味着你的快乐可能会影响你从未见过的人的快乐”,可知快乐像病毒一样,能通过社交网络传播给他人;接着文章后面的段落通过一系列研究描述社交关系对幸福的影响,最终得出结论“拥有更多的朋友也会增加幸福感,但拥有快乐的朋友对幸福感的影响更大”,综合理解可推断出,这篇文章主要是讲述B项“幸福是会传染的”这一话题,所以该题选择B项符合题意。
【干扰项排除】
A项“我们的朋友越多,我们就越快乐”、C项“人际关系影响幸福”和D项“尽我们所能传播快乐”都是部分提及,这三项属于以偏概全。
【文章来源】WebMD网站2008
【参考译文】
哈佛医学院和加州大学圣地亚哥分校的一项新研究表明,幸福感不仅受到你认识的人的影响,还受到我们不认识的人的影响。
研究表明,幸福感通过社交网络传播,有点像病毒,这意味着你的幸福感可能会影响你从未见过的人的幸福感。
福勒告诉WebMD:“我们早就知道,一个人的幸福感和另一个人的幸福感之间存在着直接的关系。”
“但这项研究表明,间接关系也会影响幸福感。我们不仅发现了你和你朋友的幸福感之间的统计关系,而且还发现了你的幸福感和你朋友的朋友的朋友的幸福感之间的统计关系。”
福勒和哈佛社会科学家尼古拉斯•克里斯塔基斯已经研究社交网络好几年了。去年,这对夫妇因为报道肥胖似乎会在社会群体中传播而登上头条新闻,所以当你的朋友和他们的朋友长胖时,你变胖的几率会更大。
今年早些时候发表的一项相关研究发现,当吸烟者的家人、朋友和其他社会联系人停止吸烟时,他们更有可能戒烟。
他们最新的研究旨在确定幸福感是否以类似的方式通过社交媒体网络传播。
研究人员重新创建了4739名参与者的社交网络,他们在1983年至2003年期间测量了幸福感。每个参与者的重要家庭变化——如出生、死亡、结婚或离婚——也被记录下来。参与者还被要求说出家庭成员、亲密朋友、同事和邻居的名字。
在研究人员确定了5万多种社会和家庭关系,并分析了幸福感在群体中的传播情况之后,他们得出结论,直接的社会接触使一个人变得幸福的几率增加了15%。
二级联系人的幸福感,比如朋友的配偶,增加10%幸福的可能性,而第三级联系人——或者朋友的朋友的朋友——增加6%幸福的可能性。在第四级联系人中没有发现这种关联。
拥有更多的朋友也会增加幸福感,但拥有幸福的朋友对幸福感的影响更大。
福勒说,研究结果并不是说你应该避开不幸福的人,而是说你应该尽一切努力传播幸福。