In the ethical system of the Greeks, hubris — the overweening bumptiousness of individuals or groups in their dealings with other human beings or with the natural order — was regarded as a very grave and, since it invited condign punishment, an extremely dangerous form of delinquency. Monotheism de-sanctified Nature, with the result that; while hubris in relation to one’s fellow man was still condemned, hubris in relation to the non-human environment ceased, under the new dispensation, to be regarded as a sacrilege or a breach of the moral code.
And even today, when the consequences of our destructive bumptiousness are threatening, through erosion, through deforestation and soil exhaustion, through the progressive pollution and depletion of water resources, to render further human progress ever more difficult, perhaps in a relatively short time impossible — even today the essential wickedness of man’s inhumanity to Nature remains unrecognized by the official spokesmen of morality and religion, by practically everyone, indeed, except a few conservationists and ecologists. Acculturated man’s conquest of nature goes forward at an accelerating pace — a conquest, unfortunately, analogous to that of the most ruthless imperialist explorers of the colonial period. Man, the species, is now living as a parasite upon an earth which acculturated man is in the process of conquering to the limit — and the limit is total destruction. Intelligent parasites take care not to kill their hosts; unintelligent parasites push their greed to the point of murder and, destroying their own food supply, committing suicide. Boasting all the while of his prowess as a conqueror, but behaving, while he boasts, less intelligently than the flea or even the hookworm, man, the acculturated parasite, is now busily engaged in murdering his host. It is still possible for him to give up his suicidal vampirism and to establish a symbiotic relationship with his natural environment — still possible, but admittedly (with human numbers threatening to double in less than forty years) very difficult. If this very difficult choice is not made, made soon, and made successfully, acculturated man’s misdirected cleverness may conquer nature too thoroughly for the survival of his own high culture, perhaps even for the survival of man, the species.
1. The author feels that modern man ______.
2. According to the passage, the belief in monotheism caused a change in man’s ______.
3. According to the author, a symbiotic relationship with nature could be achieved through______.
4. The author would probably be LEAST interested in______.
5. The word “bumptiousness” as used in this passage most nearly means ______.
6. “Hubris” as used in this passage can best be defined as ______.
问题1选项
A.has by his-own acts shown a disregard for monotheism
B.is immoral toward mankind and toward nature
C.is a helpless victim of natural destructive forces
D.feels no moral responsibility toward nature for his acts
问题2选项
A.relationship with nature
B.relationship with man
C.relationship with society
D.view of ecology
问题3选项
A.stepping up conservation programs even if man’s progress would be stunted
B.setting up a balanced exchange between man’s use of resources and their renewal
C.developing better ways to make the natural world more productive
D.solving man’s social problems first, and problems of nature second
问题4选项
A.setting up population control
B.setting aside national wildlife preserves
C.reforestation measures
D.a cure for hookworm
问题5选项
A.brash self-assertiveness
B.acquisitiveness
C.simplicity
D.legal trickery
问题6选项
A.man’s attitude towards man
B.arrogance
C.man’s attitude towards nature
D.degradation
第1题:D
第2题:A
第3题:B
第4题:D
第5题:A
第6题:B
第1题:
【选项释义】
The author feels that modern man ____. 作者认为现代人____。
A. has by his own acts shown a disregard for monotheism A. 用自己的行为表现出对一神论的漠视
B. is immoral toward mankind and toward nature B. 对人类和自然都不道德
C. is a helpless victim of natural destructive forces C. 是自然破坏力的无助受害者
D. feels no moral responsibility toward nature for his acts D. 觉得自己的行为对大自然没有道德责任
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】根据关键词“modern man”定位到第二段第一句“即使到了今天（And even today），当我们的破坏性傲慢（our destructive bumptiousness）所造成的后果——包括水土流失、森林砍伐和土壤枯竭，水资源的逐步污染和枯竭——正威胁着人类的进一步发展变得越来越困难，也许在相对较短的时间内就会变得不可能时，人类对大自然的非人道本质上的邪恶仍然没有被官方的道德和宗教代言人所认识（even today the essential wickedness of man’s inhumanity to Nature remains unrecognized by the official spokesmen of morality and religion, by practically everyone），实际上，除了少数自然保护主义者和生态学家之外，几乎所有人都没有认识到这一点。”由此可知，人类的破坏性行为对自然环境造成了破坏，而且社会大众和道德、宗教领袖忽视了这种破坏行为。再结合第一段最后一句“一神论取消了对自然的神圣化，其结果是，虽然对人类同胞的傲慢仍然受到谴责，但在新制度下，对非人类环境的傲慢不再被视为亵渎或违反道德规范（hubris in relation to the non-human environment ceased, under the new dispensation, to be regarded as a sacrilege or a breach of the moral code）。”可知，现代人觉得自己的行为对大自然没有道德责任，D选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项根据“monotheism”定位到第一段最后一句“一神论取消了对自然的神圣化（Monotheism de-sanctified Nature），其结果是，虽然对人类同胞的傲慢仍然受到谴责，但在新制度下，对非人类环境的傲慢不再被视为亵渎或违反道德规范”，但是文章并没有提及现代人类对一神教的态度，属于无中生有；
B选项虽然文章确实表明现代人类对自然的破坏是严重的，但文章没有直接说现代人类对人类本身是不道德的，属于曲解原文；
C选项“是自然破坏力的无助受害者”与文章中描述的人类作为自然之主征服自然的观点相矛盾，属于曲解原文。
第2题:
【选项释义】
According to the passage, the belief in monotheism caused a change in man’s ____. 根据这篇文章，一神论的信仰导致了人类____的改变。
A. relationship with nature A. 与自然的关系
B. relationship with man B. 与人的关系
C. relationship with society C. 与社会的关系
D. view of ecology D. 生态观
【考查点】细节事实题
【解题思路】根据关键词“monotheism”定位到第一段最后一句“一神论取消了对自然的神圣化，其结果是，虽然对人类同胞的傲慢仍然受到谴责，但在新制度下，对非人类环境的傲慢不再被视为亵渎或违反道德规范（hubris in relation to the non-human environment ceased, under the new dispensation, to be regarded as a sacrilege or a breach of the moral code.）。”其中，“non-human environment”指的是“nature”，也就是说，在一神论出现之前，自然界往往被神圣化，人们认为自然界充满了神灵，因此对自然的任何傲慢行为（hubris）都被视为亵渎或道德准则的破坏。然而，一神教的出现使得自然失去了这种神圣性，即“一神论（Monotheism）改变了人们对自然的态度”，故A选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
根据第二段提及的关键信息“man’s inhumanity to nature”、“man’s conquest of nature”、“natural environment”、“conquer nature”等可知，第一段最后一句所提到的“non-human environment”是指“nature”，所以B、C、D选项均是对原文“non-human environment”的曲解，属于曲解原文。
第3题:
【选项释义】
According to the author, a symbiotic relationship with nature could be achieved through ____. 作者认为，通过____可以实现与自然的共生关系。
A. stepping up conservation programs even if man’s progress would be stunted A. 加强保护计划，即使人类的进步会受到阻碍
B. setting up a balanced exchange between man’s use of resources and their renewal B. 在人类利用资源和资源再生之间建立一种平衡的交换关系
C. developing better ways to make the natural world more productive C. 开发更好的方法来提高自然界的生产力
D. solving man’s social problems first, and problems of nature second D. 首先解决人类的社会问题，其次解决自然问题
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】根据关键词“a symbiotic relationship”定位到第二段倒数第二句“人类仍有可能放弃自杀式的吸血行为，与自然环境建立共生关系（It is still possible for him to give up his suicidal vampirism and to establish a symbiotic relationship with his natural environment）——虽然仍有可能，但（人类数量有可能在不到40年的时间里翻一番）确实非常困难。”再结合上下文内容可知，作者提到了人类对非人类环境的傲慢（hubris in relation to the non-human environment），即人类对自然的破坏性行为，如“水土流失（erosion）、森林砍伐和土壤枯竭（deforestation and soil exhaustion）、水资源的逐步污染和枯竭（the progressive pollution and depletion of water resources）”等，由此可推断，“his suicidal vampirism（自杀式的吸血行为）”是指对自然（资源）的无限制掠夺，所以“放弃自杀式的吸血行为”是指人类放弃对自然的掠夺性征服，转而建立一种与自然环境的共生关系，B选项符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“加强保护计划，即使人类的进步会受到阻碍”尽管保护自然是一个方面，但文章并没有强调必须牺牲人类的进步来达到与自然的共生，属于无中生有；
C选项“开发更好的方法来提高自然界的生产力”并没有直接解决与自然共生的问题，而是侧重于提高生产力，这可能仍然会导致对自然的过度开发，属于曲解原文；
D选项“首先解决人类的社会问题，其次解决自然问题”文章强调了人类与自然之间关系的紧迫性，并没有建议将社会问题置于环境问题之前，属于无中生有。
第4题:
【选项释义】
The author would probably be LEAST interested in ____. 作者可能对____最不感兴趣。
A. setting up population control A. 实施人口控制
B. setting aside national wildlife preserves B. 建立国家野生动物保护区
C. reforestation measures C. 重新造林措施
D. a cure for hookworm D. 治疗钩虫的方法
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】文章第二段提到“人类，这种被驯化了的寄生虫，一直在吹嘘自己征服者的勇猛，但在自夸的同时表现得不如跳蚤甚至钩虫聪明（less intelligently than the flea or even the hookworm），现在却忙着谋杀他的宿主。人类仍有可能放弃自杀式的吸血行为，与自然环境建立共生关系——虽然仍有可能，但（人类数量有可能在不到40年的时间里翻一番）确实非常困难。”文中作者提及“hookworm”是为了打个比方，所以“治疗钩虫的方法”不是作者真正感兴趣的，故D选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
文章第二段提到“即使到了今天，当我们的破坏性傲慢所造成的后果——包括水土流失、森林砍伐和土壤枯竭，水资源的逐步污染和枯竭——正威胁着人类的进一步发展变得越来越困难。也许在相对较短的时间内就会变得不可能时，人类对大自然的非人道本质上的邪恶仍然没有被官方的道德和宗教代言人所认识，实际上，除了少数自然保护主义者和生态学家之外，几乎所有人都没有认识到这一点虽然仍有可能……但（人类数量有可能在不到40年的时间里翻一番）确实非常困难。”文中提及了人口的大幅增长、森林被砍伐，也赞扬了自然资源保护者等，由此可知，A选项“实施人口控制”、B选项“建立国家野生动物保护区”及C选项“重新造林措施”均是作者感兴趣的，属于反向干扰。
第5题:
【选项释义】
The word “bumptiousness” as used in this passage most nearly means ____. 在这篇文章中，“bumptiousness”一词最接近的意思是____。
A. brash self-assertiveness A. 蛮横的自我主张
B. acquisitiveness B. （对财物）渴望得到，迫切求取，贪婪
C. simplicity C. 简单
D. legal trickery D. 合法欺骗
【考查点】语义推断题
【解题思路】根据“bumptiousness”定位到第一段第一句“hubris—the overweening bumptiousness of individuals or groups in their dealings with other human beings or with the natural order（个人或群体在与他人或自然秩序打交道时的过度……）”以及第二段关键信息“through erosion, through deforestation and soil exhaustion, through the progressive pollution and depletion of water resources（破坏性的……所带来的后果）”可推断，“bumptiousness”是指人类通过征服自然以寻求自身发展的强烈欲望是一种“蛮横的自我主张”，因此A选项符合文章内容。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“（对财物）渴望得到，迫切求取，贪婪”、C选项“简单”和D选项“合法欺骗”均与文章主旨无关，属于曲解原文。
第6题:
【选项释义】
“Hubris” as used in this passage can best be defined as ____. 这篇文章中使用的“Hubris”最好被定义为____。
A. man’s attitude towards man A. 人对人的态度
B. arrogance B. 傲慢，自大
C. man’s attitude towards nature C. 人类对自然的态度
D. degradation D. 损害，恶化
【考查点】语义推断题
【解题思路】根据第一段第一句，文章首先讨论了希腊人的道德体系中对“Hubris”的看法：hubris—the overweening bumptiousness of individuals or groups in their dealings with other human beings or with the natural order，“hubris”是指个人或群体在与他人或自然秩序打交道时的过度蛮横的自我主张，由此可知， “hubris”既非单指对人的态度，也并非单指对自然秩序的态度，其真正的含义是“傲慢”，B选项符合文章内容。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“人对人的态度”和C选项“人类对自然的态度”属于以偏概全；
D选项“损害，恶化”偏离了“Hubris”本身含义，属于曲解原文。
