Passage 3
In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management, in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.
The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.
Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on, they are tested again and again by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.
Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of all love and of reason—are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.
1.By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is ____.
2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.
3.From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those who____.
4.To solve the present social problem the author suggests that we should ____.
5.The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.
问题1选项
A.a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible
B.working complete in harmony with the rest of the society
C.an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothly
D.a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly
问题2选项
A.they are likely to lose their jobs
B.they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life
C.they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence
D.they are deprived of their individuality and independence
问题3选项
A.are at the bottom of the society
B.are higher up in their social status
C.prove better than their fellow-competitors
D.could keep far away from this competitive world
问题4选项
A.resort to the production mode of our ancestors
B.offer higher wages to the workers and employees
C.enable man to fully develop his potentialities
D.take the fundamental realities for granted
问题5选项
A.approval
B.dissatisfaction
C.suspicion
D.tolerance
第1题:C
第2题:D
第3题:D
第4题:C
第5题:B
第1题:
【选项释义】
By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is ____. 通过“机器上一个润滑良好的齿轮”，作者想表达人____的观点。
A. a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible A. 虽然每个人的作用是微不足道的，但却是社会不可或缺的一部分
B. working complete in harmony with the rest of the society B. 和谐地与社会其他部分一起工作
C. an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothly C. 尽管运作顺利，但与社会的其他部分相比，是一个不重要的部分
D. a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly D. 社会中卑微的一部分，尤其是工作顺利时
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】根据题干关键词a well-oiled cog in the machinery定位到原文第一段第一句，该句提到“总的来说，我们的社会正在变成一个由官僚管理的巨大企业，在这个企业中，人变成了机器上一个小小的、润滑良好的齿轮（a well-oiled cog in the machinery）。”由此可知，作者把整个社会比作一个巨大的企业，而人只是这个大企业的一个机器上的一个润滑很好的齿轮，因此，C选项“尽管运作顺利，但与社会的其他部分相比，是一个不重要的部分”的表述最恰当。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“虽然每个人的作用是微不足道的，但却是社会不可或缺的一部分”，“每个人的作用微不足道”，属于过度推理，只是说跟其他部分比起来，没那么重要；
B选项“和谐地与社会其他部分一起工作”，没有体现“齿轮”的特点，属于曲解原文；
D选项“社会中卑微的一部分，尤其是工作顺利时”，“尤其是工作顺利时”不符合原文，属于曲解原文。
第2题:
【选项释义】
The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____. 工人和雇员焦虑的真正原因是____。
A. they are likely to lose their jobs A. 他们可能会失去工作
B. they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life B. 他们对生活没有真正的满足或兴趣
C. they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence C. 他们面临着人类生存的基本现实
D. they are deprived of their individuality and independence D. 他们被剥夺了个性和独立性
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据题干关键词the anxiety of the workers and employees定位到原文第二段。本段第一句提到“工人和雇员都很焦虑，不仅因为他们可能会发现自己失业（find themselves out of a job）；还因为他们无法在生活中获得任何真正的满足或兴趣（unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life）。”第二句提到“他们的生存和死亡从来没有（without ever）作为情感和智力独立的、有生产能力的（emotionally and intellectually independent and productive）人，面对人类存在的基本现实（the fundamental realities of human existence）。”因此可知，他们焦虑的真正原因是“情感和智力没有独立性、缺乏生产能力”，D选项“他们被剥夺了个性和独立性”最符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“他们可能会失去工作”，不是真正原因，该选项属于本末倒置；
B选项“他们对生活没有真正的满足或兴趣”，不是真正原因，该选项属于本末倒置；
C选项“他们面临着人类生存的基本现实”，不符合原文，该选项属于曲解原文。
第3题:
【选项释义】
From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those who____. 从文章中我们可以推断，真正的幸福生活属于那些____。
A. are at the bottom of the society A. 在社会底层的人
B. are higher up in their social status B. 社会地位更高的人
C. prove better than their fellow-competitors C. 比自己竞争对手更优秀的人
D. could keep far away from this competitive world D. 能远离这个竞争激烈的世界的人
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】根据题干关键词real happiness of life belongs to those可知，需要选择的是“真正拥有幸福和快乐”即没有焦虑的人。原文第三段最后一句提到“这种不断地想要证明自己和竞争对手一样好（to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor），甚至比他们更好的需求（this constant need），造成了持续的焦虑和压力，而这正是不快乐和疾病的原因。”由此可知，焦虑和不开心是由“竞争”带来的，因此，只有远离竞争的人，才能有真正的快乐；D选项“能远离这个竞争激烈的世界的人”最符合要求。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“在社会底层的人”，原文第二段第一句提到“工人和雇员都很焦虑（anxious）”，该选项属于反向干扰；
B选项“社会地位更高的人”，原文第三段第一句提到“那些社会地位较高的人也同样焦虑（no less anxious）”,该选项属于反向干扰；
C选项“比自己竞争对手更优秀的人”，这些人仍然处于竞争之中，还是会有竞争压力，会焦虑，该选项属于反向干扰。
第4题:
【选项释义】
To solve the present social problem the author suggests that we should ____. 为了解决目前的社会问题，作者建议我们应该____。
A. resort to the production mode of our ancestors A. 依靠我们祖先的生产方式
B. offer higher wages to the workers and employees B. 给工人和雇员提供更高的工资
C. enable man to fully develop his potentialities C. 使人充分发挥其潜能
D. take the fundamental realities for granted D. 把基本现实视为理所当然
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据题干关键词the author suggests定位到原文最后一段，该段第四句提到“我建议把我们的社会制度（transforming our social system）从以最大限度的生产和最大限度的消费为目的的官僚主义管理下的工业制度（from a bureaucratically managed industrialism）转变为以人和充分发展的潜能（man and full development of his potentialities）为社会安排的目标的人文主义工业制度（a humanist industrialism）。”由此可知，C选项“使人充分发挥其潜能”符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“依靠我们祖先的生产方式”，原文并未提到这个建议，该选项属于无中生有；
B选项“给工人和雇员提供更高的工资”，原文并未提到这个建议，该选项属于无中生有；
D选项“把基本现实视为理所当然”，原文并未提到这个建议，该选项属于无中生有。
第5题:
【选项释义】
The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____. 作者对工业主义的态度可以总结为____。
A. approval A. 支持
B. dissatisfaction B. 不满意
C. suspicion C. 怀疑
D. tolerance D. 宽容
【考查点】观点态度题
【解题思路】原文第一段第一句提到“总的来说，我们的社会正在变成一个由官僚管理的巨大企业（one of giant enterprises directed），在这个企业中，人变成了机器上一个小小的、润滑良好的齿轮（cop）。”第一段最后一句提到“事实上，蓝领工人和白领工人已经变成了随着自动化机器和官僚管理的曲调起舞的经济木偶（puppets）。”第二段和第三段第一句提到普通人和社会地位更高的人都很焦虑（anxious）。最后一段第三句提到“回到一个已经不再成熟的阶段永远解决不了问题（problems）。”从作者的这些表述可知，他对现在的工业主义的态度是不满意的，这是一个人们需要解决的问题，B选项“不满意”符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“支持”，不符合原文，属于无中生有；
C选项“怀疑”，不符合原文，没有“不满意”恰当；
D选项“宽容”，不符合原文，属于无中生有。
