Passage 4
For all their tremendous worldwide impact Fredric Taylor and Scientific Management have had a bad press, especially in academic. One reason, perhaps the main one, is the unrelenting campaign America’s labor unions waged against both in the early years of the last century. The unions actually succeeded in banning any kind of work study in army arsenals and naval shipyard, where in those years practically all defense production was done in America.
The unions of 1911 did not oppose Tayler because they thought him pro-management or anti-labor (he was neither). His unforgiveable sin was his assertion that there is no such thing as skill in making and moving things. All could be analyzed step by step as a series of unskilled operations that then could be put together into any kind of job. Anyone willing to learn these operations would be a “first-class man,” deserving “first class pay.” He could do the most highly skilled work and do it to perfection.
But the unions of Taylor’s time—and especially the highly respected and extremely powerful unions in arsenals and shipyards—were craft monopolies. Their power base was their control of an
Apprenticeship (学徒) of five or seven years to which, as a rule, only relatives of members were admitted. They considered their craft a “mystery,” the secrets of which no member was allowed to divulge. The skilled workers in the arsenals and navy yards in particular were paid extremely well—more than most physicians of those times and triples what Taylor’s “first-class man” could expect to get. No wonder that Taylor’s denial of the mystery of craft and skill infuriated (激怒) these “aristocrats of labor” as subversion and pestilential heresy.
Most contemporaries, eighty years ago, agreed with the unions. Even thirty years later the belief in the mystery of craft and skill persisted, and also in the long years of apprenticeship needed to acquire either. Hitler, for instance, was convinced that it would take the U. S. at least five years to train optical craftsmen, and modern war requires precision optics. It would therefore take many years, Hitler was sure, before America could field an effective army and air force in Europe—the conviction that made him declare war on America when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
We now know that Taylor, was right. The U. S. did indeed have almost no optical craftsmen in 1941. And modern war does indeed require precision optics, and in large quantities. But by applying Taylor’s Scientific Management the U. S. trained in few months semiskilled workers to turn out more highly advanced optics than the Germans with their craftsmen ever did, and on the assembly line to boot. Any by that time Taylor’s first-class men with their increased productivity also made a great deal more money than any craftsmen of 1911 could even have dreamed of.
Eventually knowledge work and service work may turn out to be like work making and moving things—that is, “just work,” to use an Old Scientific Management slogan. At least this is the position of the more radical proponents of Artificial Intelligence, Taylor’s true children or grandchildren. But for the time being, knowledge and service jobs must not be treated as just work. They cannot be assumed to be homogeneous. They must be treated as falling into a number of distinct categories—probably three. Each requires different analysis and different organization. In making and moving things the focus in increasing productivity is on work. In knowledge and service work it has to on performance.
1.According to the passage, Fredric Taylor’s Scientific Management ____.
2.According to the passage, which of the following statements is not true?
3.According to the passage, Taylor’s Scientific Management made it possible that ____.
4.From the passage we can infer that Hitler declared war on America because ____.
5.The purpose the author wants to achieve in this passage is to illustrate that ____.
问题1选项
A.was popular during the early 20 century
B.had a tremendous worldwide impact on economy
C.met with strong resistance from labor unions in America
D.did not work in arsenals and naval shipyard where all defense production was done
问题2选项
A.Taylor believed that making and moving things required no special skills.
B.The Unions was unhappy with Taylor because he opposed unions.
C.All work could be analyzed step by step as a series of unskilled operation.
D.“First-class” men could do the most highly skilled work and do it perfectly.
问题3选项
A.US workers outperformed its counterparts in Germany
B.highly advanced optics was manufactured in Germany
C.first-class of workers inherited craftsmen’s skills
D.a great deal of more money was put into war
问题4选项
A.Hitler thought that America had no optical craftsmen
B.Japan attacked Pearl Harbor; war with America was inevitable
C.optical craftsmen were hard to find and train at the time
D.beliefs in the mystery of craft and skill affected his decision
问题5选项
A.Taylor’s Scientific Management was effective in increasing productivity
B.Taylor’s Scientific Management was effective in making and moving things
C.like making and moving things, knowledge and service work require Taylor’s Scientific Management
D.knowledge and service jobs are distinct; therefore, they should be treated separately
第1题:C
第2题:B
第3题:A
第4题:D
第5题:A
第1题:
【选项释义】
According to the passage, Fredric Taylor’s Scientific Management ____. 根据文章，弗雷德里克·泰勒的科学管理____。
A. was popular during the early 20 century A. 在20世纪早期受欢迎
B. had a tremendous worldwide impact on economy B. 对世界经济产生了巨大的影响
C. met with strong resistance from labor unions in America C. 遭到了美国工会的强烈反对
D. did not work in arsenals and naval shipyard where all defense production was done D. 在军火库和海军造船厂不起作用
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据题干关键词Fredric Taylor’s Scientific Management定位到原文第一段。本段第二句提到“上世纪初（in the early years of the last century）美国工会对这两者进行的不屈不挠的反对运动（against both）。”由此可知，C选项“遭到了美国工会的强烈反对”符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“在20世纪早期受欢迎”，原文提到在“上世纪初（in the early years of the last century）”受到了美国工会的强烈反对，该选项表述错误，属于反向干扰；
B选项“对世界经济产生了巨大的影响”，定位到原文第一段第一句“对世界产生了巨大的影响（worldwide impact）”，原文并未提及是对“世界经济”的影响，该选项属于过度推理；
D选项“在军火库和海军造船厂不起作用”，定位到原文第一段最后一句，该句提到“工会实际上成功地禁止了在军火库和海军造船厂进行任何形式的工作研究”，原文只提到工会禁止军火率和造船厂的工作研究，至于科学管理在这两个地方是否起作用，无从得知，该选项属于无中生有。
第2题:
【选项释义】
According to the passage, which of the following statements is not true? 根据文章，下列哪个陈述是不正确的？
A. Taylor believed that making and moving things required no special skills. A. 泰勒认为，制作和移动物品不需要特殊技能。
B. The Unions was unhappy with Taylor because he opposed unions. B. 工会对泰勒不满，因为他反对工会。
C. All work could be analyzed step by step as a series of unskilled operation. C. 所有的工作都可以被分解为一系列的非熟练操作。
D. “First-class” men could do the most highly skilled work and do it perfectly. D. “一流”的人能把技术含量最高的工作做得尽善尽美。
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】本题选择不符合原文的一项。B选项“工会对泰勒不满，因为他反对工会”定位到原文第二段第一句，该句提到“1911年的工会并不是（not oppose）因为他们认为他（泰勒）支持管理或者反对劳工而反对他。”由此可知，工会对泰勒不满并不是因为泰勒反对工会，该选项不符合原文，满足题干要求。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“泰勒认为，制作和移动物品不需要特殊技能”，定位到原文第二段第二句，该句提到“他不可原谅的罪过是，他断言制造和移动东西不包含任何技能（no such thing as skill in making and moving things）。”由此可知，该选项符合原文，不满足题干要求，属于反向干扰；
C选项“所有的工作都可以被分解为一系列的非熟练操作”，定位到原文第二段第三句，该句提到泰勒认为“所有这些都可以被分析为一系列非技术性的操作。”第五段第一句提到“现在我们知道泰勒是对的（right）。”由此可知，该选项符合原文，不满足题干要求，属于反向干扰；
D选项“‘一流’的人能把技术含量最高的工作做得尽善尽美”，定位到第二段，本段最后两句提到“任何愿意学习这些操作的人都将是‘一流的人’……他能把技术含量最高的工作做得尽善尽美（do it to perfection）。”由此可知，该选项符合原文，不满足题干要求，属于反向干扰。
第3题:
【选项释义】
According to the passage, Taylor’s Scientific Management made it possible that ____. 根据这篇文章，泰勒的科学管理使____成为可能。
A. US workers outperformed its counterparts in Germany A. 美国工人的表现优于德国同行
B. highly advanced optics was manufactured in Germany B. 高度先进的光学元件是在德国制造的
C. first-class of workers inherited craftsmen’s skills C. 一流的工人继承了工匠的技艺
D. a great deal of more money was put into war D. 更多的钱投入了战争
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据题干关键词Taylor’s Scientific Management made it possible定位到原文第五段第四句，该句提到“但是，通过运用泰勒的科学管理，美国在几个月的时间里培训了（U. S. trained in few months）半熟练的工人（semiskilled workers），使他们生产出比德国工匠更先进的光学设备（more highly advanced optics），而且是在生产线上。”由此可知，A选项“美国工人的表现优于德国同行”符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“高度先进的光学元件是在德国制造的”，美国流水线上的成品比德国制造的更好，该选项不符合原文，属于反向干扰；
C选项“一流的工人继承了工匠的技艺”，不是泰勒的观点，该选项属张冠李戴；
D选项“更多的钱投入了战争”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有。
第4题:
【选项释义】
From the passage we can infer that Hitler declared war on America because ____. 从文章中我们可以推断希特勒对美国宣战是因为____。
A. Hitler thought that America had no optical craftsmen A. 希特勒认为美国没有光学工匠
B. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor; war with America was inevitable B. 日本偷袭珍珠港；与美国的战争是不可避免的
C. optical craftsmen were hard to find and train at the time C. 当时，光学工匠很难找到，也很难训练
D. beliefs in the mystery of craft and skill affected his decision D. 对工艺和技巧的神秘信仰影响了他的决定
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据题干关键词Hitler declared war on America定位到原文第四段。本段最后一句提到“因此，希特勒确信，美国要在欧洲部署一支有效的陆军和空军还需要很多年的时间——正是这种信念，促使他在日本偷袭珍珠港时向美国宣战。”由此可知，希特勒宣战的原因是他认为“美国需要很长时间来培养有效的陆军和空军”。本段第二句、第三句提到“人们仍然相信工艺和技能的神秘（the belief in the mystery of craft and skill）”、“例如，希特勒确信美国至少需要五年时间来培养光学工匠，而现代战争需要精密光学设备。”综上所述，正因为希特勒相信工艺和技能的神秘，导致他以为美国需要很长时间培养战争所需的精密光学设备，以建立一支有效的陆军和空军，所以他才向美国宣战。D选项“对工艺和技巧的神秘信仰影响了他的决定”符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“希特勒认为美国没有光学工匠”，该选项属于过度推理；
B选项“日本偷袭珍珠港；与美国的战争是不可避免的”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有；
C选项“当时，光学工匠很难找到，也很难训练”，并不是根本原因，该选项属于本末倒置。
第5题:
【选项释义】
The purpose the author wants to achieve in this passage is to illustrate that ____. 作者在这篇文章中想要达到的目的是说明____。
A. Taylor’s Scientific Management was effective in increasing productivity A. 泰勒的科学管理有效地提高了生产力
B. Taylor’s Scientific Management was effective in making and moving things B. 泰勒的科学管理在制造和搬运东西方面很有效
C. like making and moving things, knowledge and service work require Taylor’s Scientific Management C. 知识和服务工作就像制造和移动东西一样，需要泰勒的科学管理
D. knowledge and service jobs are distinct; therefore, they should be treated separately D. 知识和服务类工作是不同的；因此，它们应该分开对待
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】本题要求选择作者写作本文的目的。本文主要介绍的是“泰勒的科学管理方法”，前四段介绍美国工会反对这一方法及其原因，第五段通过美国的例子证明泰勒的观点是对的，泰勒的科学管理方法可以提高工人的生产力，最后一段补充说明“知识和服务类”的工作不一样。综上，本文的主要写作目的应该是A选项“泰勒的科学管理有效地提高了生产力”。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“泰勒的科学管理在制造和搬运东西方面很有效”，“制造和搬运东西方面”是具体的领域，提高生产力才是作者的落脚点，该选项属于本末倒置；
C选项“知识和服务工作就像制造和移动东西一样，需要泰勒的科学管理”，定位原文最后一段，该段第一句提到“知识工作和服务工作可能会变成制造和移动东西的工作——用旧的科学管理的口号来说，就是‘只是工作’（just work）。”第三句提到“但就目前而言，知识和服务工作不应被视为只是工作。”由此可知，该选项不符合原文，属于曲解原文；
D选项“知识和服务类工作是不同的；因此，它们应该分开对待”定位到原文最后一段，本段第四、五句提到“不能认为它们是同种性质的。他们必须被分成若干不同的类别——可能是三类。”由此可知，该选项符合原文，但是这一点只在原文最后一段提到，属于以偏概全。
