Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research. Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000 journals. The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title’s impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.
Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns, including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications. Recently, another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.
The advent of electronic publishing and authors’ need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals. The birth of predatory journals wasn’t far behind. These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers. In some instances, there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations. The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at all—it is just providing citations to other journals. Such practices can lead an article to accrue more than 150 citations in the same year that it was published.
How insidious is this type of citation manipulation? In one example, an individual—acting as author, editor, and consultant—was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new “international” journals. In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation.
Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice. Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year. And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities: when an editor, a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.
1. According to Paragraph 1, the careers of scientists can be determined by ________.
2. The support service consultancies tend to ________.
3. The function of the “milk cow” journals is to ________.
4. What can be learned about Scopus from the last two paragraphs?
5. What should an author do to deal with citation manipulators?
问题1选项
A.how many citations their works contain
B.how many times their papers are cited
C.the prestige of the people they work with
D.the status they have in scientific circles
问题2选项
A.recommend journals to their clients
B.list citation patterns their clients
C.ask authors to include extra citations
D.advise contributors to cite each other
问题3选项
A.boost citation counts for certain authors
B.help scholars publish articles at low cost
C.instruct first-time contributors in citation
D.increase the readership of new journals
问题4选项
A.It fosters competition among citation providers.
B.It has the capability to identify suspicious citations.
C.It hinders the growth of “international” journals.
D.It is established to prevent citation manipulation.
问题5选项
A.Take legal action.
B.Demand an apology.
C.Seek professional advice.
D.Reveal their misconduct.
第1题:B
第2题:C
第3题:A
第4题:B
第5题:D
第1题:
【整体分析】
来源:The Scientist网站于2020年12月1日刊登的文章Citations Are the Currency of Science(引用是科学的货币)。
主题:本文揭示了科学论文中引用卡特尔的现象,即期刊、作者和机构合谋抬高引用数量,以及支持服务机构建议作者增加引用次数的掠夺性行为,并提醒论文作者,应注意不被卷入这种不当行为中。
结构:

【选项释义】
According to Paragraph 1, the careers of scientists can be determined by ________. 根据第1段,科学家的职业生涯可以通过________决定。
A. how many citations their works contain A. 他们的研究成果包含多少引文
B. how many times their papers are cited B. 他们的论文被引用了多少次
C. the prestige of the people they work with C. 与他们一起工作的人的威望
D. the status they have in scientific circles D. 他们在科学界的地位
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词the careers of scientists可以定位到文章第一段最后一句“科学家的职业生涯和他们所在机构的声誉取决于他们发表论文的数量和声望,但更重要的是这些论文所吸引的引用次数(even more so on the citations attracted by these papers)”,说明科学家的职业生涯由他们的论文被引用的次数决定。因此B选项“他们的论文被引用了多少次”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“他们的研究成果包含多少引文”,由even more so on the citations attracted by these papers(更重要的是这些论文所吸引的引用次数)可知,是他们的论文被引用的次数,而不是他们的论文包含的其他引用,属于偷换概念;
C选项“与他们一起工作的人的威望”在文中没有提及,属于无中生有;
D选项“他们在科学界的地位”,由The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.(科学家的职业生涯和他们所在机构的声誉取决于他们发表论文的数量和声望,但更重要的是这些论文所吸引的引用次数。)可知,他们的声望和地位不是最重要的决定因素,属于本末倒置。
第2题:
【选项释义】
The support service consultancies tend to ________. 支持服务咨询机构往往会________。
A. recommend journals to their clients A. 向他们的客户推荐期刊
B. list citation patterns their clients B. 给他们的客户列出引用模式
C. ask authors to include extra citations C. 要求作者添加额外的引文
D. advise contributors to cite each other D. 建议投稿人相互引用
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词support service consultancies可以定位到文章第二段最后一句“为个人作者和期刊提供语言和其他编辑支持的所谓支持服务咨询机构,有时会建议投稿人在文章中增加一些引用(advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles)”,说明支持服务咨询机构会建议论文作者在文章中增加引文,而这些引文是本来不需要的。因此C选项“要求作者添加额外的引文”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“向他们的客户推荐期刊”和B选项“给他们的客户列出引用模式”在文中没有提及,属于无中生有;
D选项“建议投稿人相互引用”,由In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns, including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications.(2016年,研究人员开发了一种算法来识别可疑的引用模式,包括不成比例地相互引用的作者群体和频繁相互引用以提高其出版物影响因子的期刊群体。)可知,相互引用是另一种表现形式,不是支持服务咨询机构的做法,属于张冠李戴。
第3题:
【选项释义】
The function of the “milk cow” journals is to ________. “奶牛”期刊的功能是________。
A. boost citation counts for certain authors A. 增加某些作者的引用次数
B. help scholars publish articles at low cost B. 帮助学者们以低成本发表文章
C. instruct first-time contributors in citation C. 指导首次投稿的作者进行引用
D. increase the readership of new journals D. 增加新期刊的读者群
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词“milk cow” journals可以定位到文章第三段第三句“这些期刊就像奶牛一样(act as milk cows),每一期的每一篇文章都可能引用一篇或一系列论文(every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers)”,说明“奶牛”期刊的作用是每一篇文章都引用其他文章,也就是增加论文的引用次数。因此A选项“增加某些作者的引用次数”正确。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“帮助学者们以低成本发表文章”,C选项“指导首次投稿的作者进行引用”和D选项“增加新期刊的读者群”在文中均没有提及,属于无中生有。
第4题:
【选项释义】
What can be learned about Scopus from the last two paragraphs? 从最后两段中可以了解到关于Scopus的什么?
A. It fosters competition among citation providers. A. 它促进了引文提供者之间的竞争。
B. It has the capability to identify suspicious citations. B. 它具有识别可疑引文的能力。
C. It hinders the growth of “international” journals. C. 它阻碍了“国际”期刊的发展。
D. It is established to prevent citation manipulation. D. 它的建立是为了防止引文操纵。
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词Scopus可以定位到文章第五段第一句“Scopus本身拥有检测这种不当行为所需的所有数据(has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice)”,说明Scopus具有识别不正当引文的能力。因此B选项“它具有识别可疑引文的能力。”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“它促进了引文提供者之间的竞争。”,C选项“它阻碍了‘国际’期刊的发展。”和D选项“它的建立是为了防止引文操纵。”在文中均没有提及,属于无中生有。
第5题:
【选项释义】
What should an author do to deal with citation manipulators? 一个作者应该如何处理引文操纵者的问题?
A. Take legal action. A. 采取法律行动。
B. Demand an apology. B. 要求道歉。
C. Seek professional advice. C. 寻求专业建议。
D. Reveal their misconduct. D. 揭发他们的不当行为。
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词author可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句“对于那些希望避开引文卡特尔活动的作者来说:当编辑、审稿人或支持服务要求你添加不适当的参考文献时,不要答应,并向期刊报告这一要求(do not oblige and do report the request to the journal)”,说明作者在遇到引文操纵的不当行为时应该向期刊报告,揭发这种行为。因此D选项“揭发他们的不当行为。”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“采取法律行动。”,B选项“要求道歉。”和C选项“寻求专业建议。”在文中均没有提及,属于无中生有。
【重点词汇】
perceive /pərˈsiːv/ v. 察觉到;理解到;认识到
citation /saɪˈteɪʃn/ n. 引文;引用
accumulate /əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/ v. 积累;累积
prestige /preˈstiːʒ/ n. 威望;声望
cartel /kɑːrˈtel/ n. 卡特尔;垄断联盟
disproportionately /ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənətli/ adv. 不成比例地;不相称地
predatory /ˈpredətəri/ adj. 掠夺性的;食肉的;掠夺者的
algorithm /ˈælɡərɪðəm/ n. 算法
suspicious /səˈspɪʃəs/ adj. 可疑的;猜疑的;怀疑的
peculiar /pɪˈkjuːliə(r)/ adj. 独特的;奇怪的;罕见的
accrue /əˈkruː/ v. 积累;增加;产生
editorial /ˌedɪˈtɔːriəl/ adj. 编辑的;社论的;主笔的
consultancy /kənˈsʌltənsi/ n. 咨询公司;咨询业
rampant /ˈræmpənt/ adj. 猖獗的;泛滥的;蔓延的
database /ˈdeɪtəbeɪs/ n. 数据库;资料库
malpractice /ˈmælˌpræktɪs/ n. 失职行为;不法行为;玩忽职守
impact factor 影响因子
red flag 警示信号;危险信号
steer clear of 避免
【长难句分析】
1. Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time.
【结构分析】

【补充分析】
① where引导定语从句修饰Citation cartels,说明引文卡特尔是一种期刊、作者和机构合谋抬高引文数量的现象。
【参考译文】引文卡特尔,即期刊、作者和机构合谋抬高引文数量,已经存在很长一段时间了。
2. Recently, another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.

【补充分析】
① that引导定语从句,修饰so-called support service consultancies,说明这些是提供语言和其他编辑支持的咨询机构。
【参考译文】最近,这种掠夺性行为的另一种表现形式出现了:为个人作者和期刊提供语言和其他编辑支持的所谓支持服务咨询机构,有时会建议投稿人在文章中增加一些引用。
【全文翻译】
科学论文是研究进展的记录者。每年,研究人员在3万多种期刊上发表数百万篇论文。科学界通过多种方式来衡量这些论文的质量,包括期刊的感知质量(如标题的影响因子所反映的)和某篇论文的累计引用次数。科学家的职业生涯和他们所在机构的声誉取决于他们发表论文的数量和声望,但更重要的是这些论文所吸引的引用次数。
引文卡特尔,即期刊、作者和机构合谋抬高引文数量,已经存在很长一段时间了。2016年,研究人员开发了一种算法来识别可疑的引用模式,包括不成比例地相互引用的作者群体和频繁相互引用以提高其出版物影响因子的期刊群体。最近,这种掠夺性行为的另一种表现形式出现了:为个人作者和期刊提供语言和其他编辑支持的所谓支持服务咨询机构,有时会建议投稿人在文章中增加一些引用。
电子出版的出现和作者需要为他们的论文寻找出路导致了成千上万新期刊的出现。掠夺性期刊的诞生并不遥远。这些期刊就像奶牛一样,每一期的每一篇文章都可能引用一篇或一系列论文。在某些情况下,文章的内容和引文之间完全没有关系。奇怪的是,据说编辑为之工作的期刊根本没有获利,它只是为其他期刊提供引用。这样的做法可能会导致一篇文章在发表的同一年里被引用超过150次。
这种操纵引用的行为有多隐蔽?在一个例子中,一个人以作者、编辑和顾问的身份能够使用至少15种期刊作为三所大学的五位科学家发表的文章的引用提供者。这个问题在引用数据库Scopus中非常猖獗,该数据库包含大量新的“国际”期刊。事实上,在Scopus中的列表出现似乎是这种类型的引用操作的目标标准。
Scopus本身拥有检测这种不当行为所需的所有数据。危险信号包括一篇文章在第一年内被大量引用。对于那些希望避开引文卡特尔活动的作者来说:当编辑、审稿人或支持服务要求你添加不适当的参考文献时,不要答应,并向期刊报告这一要求。