“The Heart of the Matter”, the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.
In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.” In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.
The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.
Unfortunately, despite 21/2 years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for disseminating “progressive”, or left-liberal propaganda.
Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.
The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that congress asked it to illuminate.
1. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?
2. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to ________.
3. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests ________.
4. The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are ________.
5. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
问题1选项
A.Critical.
B.Appreciative.
C.Contemptuous.
D.Tolerant.
问题2选项
A.retain people’s interest in liberal education
B.define the government’s role in education
C.keep a leading position in liberal education
D.safeguard individuals rights to education
问题3选项
A.an exclusive study of American history
B.a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects
C.the application of emerging technologies
D.funding for the study of foreign languages
问题4选项
A.supportive of free markets
B.cautious about intellectual investigation
C.conservative about public policy
D.biased against classical liberal ideas
问题5选项
A.Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”
B.Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”
C.The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education
D.Progressive Policy vs. Liberal Education
第1题:A
第2题:C
第3题:C
第4题:D
第5题:B
第1题:
【整体分析】
来源:Wall Street Journal《华尔街日报》于2013年6月30日刊登的文章Illiberal Education and the “Heart of the Matter”(非人文教育与“问题的核心”)。
主题:本文主要探讨了美国人文与科学院发布的报告《问题的核心》。报告肯定了人文和社会科学对美国自由民主繁荣与安全的重要性,但未能解决人文教育所面临的危机的真正性质。文章认为,委员会忽略了几十年来美国高校培养出的大学生并不了解人文教育的内容和特点,而且曾经在校园里盛行的探究精神已被人文和社会科学作为传播“进步”或左翼自由主义的宣传工具所取代。
结构:

【试题解析】
【选项释义】
According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report? 根据第1段,作者对AAAS的报告的态度是什么?
A. Critical. A. 批评的。
B. Appreciative. B. 欣赏的。
C. Contemptuous. C. 蔑视的。
D. Tolerant. D. 宽容的。
【考查点】观点态度题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词Paragraph 1可以定位到文章第一段第二句“然而,遗憾的是,报告未能解决(failure to address)人文教育所面临的危机的真正性质,这可能会使其弊大于利(cause more harm than good)”,说明作者对该报告持批评态度。因此A选项“批评的。”正确。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“欣赏的。”,however表示转折,说明作者强调的是下文的批评态度,属于反向干扰;
C选项“蔑视的。”,由“The Heart of the Matter”, the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise(美国人文与科学院新近发布的报告《问题的核心》值得赞扬)可知,作者认为该报告有一定可肯定之处,不是完全蔑视,属于过度推断;
D选项“宽容的。”在文中无法体现,属于无中生有。
第2题:
【选项释义】
Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to ________. 国会中具有影响力的人物要求AAAS就如何________给出报告。
A. retain people’s interest in liberal education A. 保持人们对人文教育的兴趣
B. define the government’s role in education B. 确定政府在教育中的作用
C. keep a leading position in liberal education C. 保持人文教育的领先地位
D. safeguard individuals rights to education D. 保障个人受教育的权利
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词Influential figures in the Congress可以定位到文章第二段第一句“2010年,国会民主党和共和党领导人致信AAAS,要求其确定‘联邦、州、地方政府、大学、基金会、教育工作者、个人捐助者和其他人’可以采取的行动,以‘维护美国人文和社会科学学术研究与教育的卓越性(maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education)’”,说明国会中具有影响力的人物要求维护美国人文和社会科学学术研究与教育的卓越性,因此C选项“保持人文教育的领先地位”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“保持人们对人文教育的兴趣”和D选项“保障个人受教育的权利”在文中没有提及,属于无中生有;
B选项“确定政府在教育中的作用”,由asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others”(要求其确定“联邦、州、地方政府、大学、基金会、教育工作者、个人捐助者和其他人”可以采取的行动)可知,国会中具有影响力的人物不仅要求确定政府的作用,还有大学、基金会、教育工作者、个人捐助者和其他人等主体,属于以偏概全。
第3题:
【选项释义】
According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests ________. 根据第3段,该报告建议________。
A. an exclusive study of American history A. 专门研究美国历史
B. a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects B. 更加强调理论性的科目
C. the application of emerging technologies C. 新兴技术的应用
D. funding for the study of foreign languages D. 为学习外语提供资金
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词Paragraph 3可以定位到文章第三段第二句“由于代议制政府以全民有学识为先决条件,报告提倡全民接受读写教育;强调对历史和政府的研究,特别是美国历史和美国政府;并鼓励使用新的数字技术(encourages the use of new digital technologies)”,说明该报告建议应用新兴技术。因此C选项“新兴技术的应用”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“专门研究美国历史”,由stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government(强调对历史和政府的研究,特别是美国历史和美国政府)可知,文章是说强调研究美国历史,不是只研究美国历史,属于过度推断;
B选项“更加强调理论性的科目”和D选项“为学习外语提供资金”在文中没有提及,属于无中生有。
第4题:
【选项释义】
The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are ________. 作者在第5段中暗示教授________。
A. supportive of free markets A. 对自由市场持支持态度
B. cautious about intellectual investigation B. 对学术探究持谨慎态度
C. conservative about public policy C. 对公共政策持保守态度
D. biased against classical liberal ideas D. 对古典人文思想有偏见
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词professors可以定位到文章第五段“如今,教授们经常将对历史的革新性解读和改革性的公共政策当作合适的研究课题(treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study),同时将保守或古典的人文思想(如自由市场和自力更生)描述为超出常规的课题,有时甚至是超出常理的学术研究(while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation)”,说明教授认为古典人文思想是超出常规的,对其抱有偏见,因此D选项“对古典人文思想有偏见”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“对自由市场持支持态度”,由portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation(将保守或古典的人文思想(如自由市场和自力更生)描述为超出常规的课题,有时甚至是超出常理的学术研究)可知,教授不支持自由市场,属于反向干扰;
B选项“对学术探究持谨慎态度”和C选项“对公共政策持保守态度”在文中没有提及,属于无中生有。
第5题:
【选项释义】
Which of the following would be the best title for the text? 以下哪项是本文的最佳标题?
A. Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter” A. 把握《问题的核心》的方法
B. Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter” B. 非人文的教育和《问题的核心》
C. The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education C. 美国人文与科学院对人文教育的贡献
D. Progressive Policy vs. Liberal Education D. 进步政策与人文教育的较量
【考查点】主旨大意题。
【解题思路】本文主要探讨了美国人文与科学院(AAAS)发布的报告《问题的核心》。报告肯定了人文和社会科学对美国自由民主繁荣与安全的重要性,但未能解决人文教育所面临的危机的真正性质。由此可知,全文主要论述了《问题的核心》的报告和美国人文教育的非人文本质的问题。因此B选项“非人文的教育和《问题的核心》”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“把握《问题的核心》的方法”在文中没有提及,属于无中生有;
C选项“美国人文与科学院对人文教育的贡献”和D选项“进步政策与人文教育的较量”只在文章的某部分提及,不能概括全文的主旨大意,属于以偏概全。
【重点词汇】
prosperity /prɒˈspɛrɪti/ n. 繁荣;兴旺
democracy /dɪˈmɒkrəsi/ n. 民主;民主制度
regrettably /rɪˈɡretəbli/ adv. 遗憾地;可惜地
congressional /kənˈɡreʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ adj. 国会的
scholarship /ˈskɒləʃɪp/ n. 学术研究;奖学金
presuppose /priːsəˈpəʊz/ v. 预先假定;预料
literacy /ˈlɪt(ə)rəsi/ n. 读写能力;识字
illiberal /ɪˈlɪb(ə)r(ə)l/ adj. 非自由主义的;狭隘的
deprived /dɪˈpraɪvd/ adj. 被剥夺的;贫困的
inquiry /ɪnˈkwʌɪri/ n. 调查;询问
disseminate /dɪˈsemɪneɪt/ v. 散布;传播
propaganda /prɒpəˈɡandə/ n. 宣传;鼓吹
legitimate /lɪˈdʒɪt(ə)mət/ adj. 合法的;正当的
liberal education 人文教育
representative government 代议制政府
【长难句分析】
1. The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.
【结构分析】

【补充分析】
① that引导宾语从句,作ignores的宾语,描述了委员会忽略的事实,即几十年来美国的大学和学院培养出了某种毕业生;
② who引导定语从句,修饰graduates,描述了这些毕业生的特征,即他们不了解人文教育的内容和特点。
【参考译文】委员会忽略了几十年来美国高校培养出的大学生并不了解人文教育的内容和特点,因此也无法从中获益。
2. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.
【结构分析】

【补充分析】
① To encourage innovation and competition是目的状语,说明报告的目的是为了鼓励创新和竞争;
② that引导定语从句,修饰coherent curricula,描述了连贯的课程的目的,即提高学生在21世纪解决问题和有效沟通的能力;
③ to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day是目的状语,描述了鼓励学者的目的,即让他们将其学识运用于当今时代的重大挑战。
【参考译文】为了鼓励创新和竞争,报告呼吁增加对研究的投资,制定连贯的课程,以提高学生在21世纪解决问题和有效沟通的能力,增加对教师的资助,并鼓励学者将其学识运用于当今时代的重大挑战。
【全文翻译】
美国人文与科学院(AAAS)新近发布的报告《问题的核心》值得赞扬,它肯定了人文和社会科学对美国自由民主繁荣与安全的重要性。然而,遗憾的是,报告未能解决人文教育所面临的危机的真正性质,这可能会使其弊大于利。
2010年,国会民主党和共和党领导人致信AAAS,要求其确定“联邦、州、地方政府、大学、基金会、教育工作者、个人捐助者和其他人”可以采取的行动,以“维护美国人文和社会科学学术研究与教育的卓越性”。作为回应,美国人文与科学院成立了人文与社会科学委员会。委员会的51名成员中包括顶尖大学校长、学者、律师、法官和商界高管,以及外交、电影制作、音乐和新闻界的知名人士。
总的来说,报告中确定的目标是令人钦佩的。由于代议制政府以全民有学识为先决条件,报告提倡全民接受读写教育;强调对历史和政府的研究,特别是美国历史和美国政府;并鼓励使用新的数字技术。为了鼓励创新和竞争,报告呼吁增加对研究的投资,制定连贯的课程,以提高学生在21世纪解决问题和有效沟通的能力,增加对教师的资助,并鼓励学者将其学识运用于当今时代的重大挑战。报告还提倡更多地研究外语、国际事务并扩大留学项目。
不幸的是,尽管《问题的核心》经过了两年半的酝酿,但它从未触及问题的核心:美国主要高校中人文教育的非人文本质。委员会忽略了几十年来美国高校培养出的大学生并不了解人文教育的内容和特点,因此也无法从中获益。可悲的是,曾经在校园里盛行的探究精神已被人文和社会科学作为传播“进步”或左翼自由主义的宣传工具所取代。
如今,教授们经常将对历史的革新性解读和改革性的公共政策当作合适的研究课题,同时将保守或古典的人文思想(如自由市场和自力更生)描述为超出常规的课题,有时甚至是超出常理的学术研究。
AAAS对人文教育表现出极大热情。然而,其报告可能会阻碍改革,因为它掩盖了国会要求其阐明的人文教育面临挑战的深度和广度。