Why do some people bounce back from difficult experiences while others don’t fare quite so well? Resilience is essentially a set of skills—as opposed to a disposition or personality type—that make it possible for people not only to get through hard times but to thrive during and after them. Just as rubber rebounds after being squeezed, so do resilient people.
Much of the new evidence suggests that with a little practice, anyone can develop resilience, says Southwick, a professor at the Yale School of Medicine. That’s good news, because humans get stressed far more than they realize. The hot-and-cold boss, the traffic delays, the argument with their spouse, the monthly bills—these are all registered as stress in the brain. “The vast majority of us will be faced with one or more major traumatic stressors during a lifetime,” says Southwick. But the countless smaller stresses also take a toll. Resilience, research shows, can help with that, and it’s not a moment too soon, given that nearly all our modern ills, including heart disease and possibly even brain disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, have stress as a common risk factor.
Discovering why some of us fare better in response to stress than others has always been at the heart of resilience research. Now techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging make it possible for scientists to look beyond their own observations of people and into the parts of their brains that govern emotion. By observing patterns of blood flow, they can measure brain activity and see, for instance, what stress looks like in different people. Like the animal whose pulse returns quickly to normal once it has successfully outrun a predator, resilient brains seem to shut off the stress response and return to baseline quickly. “Resilient people seem to have the capacity to appropriately regulate the subcortical fear circuits under conditions of stress.”
So far, researchers have found that facing the things that scare you relaxes the fear circuitry, making that a good first step in building resilience. Studies have shown that traits scientists once thought of as nice but unnecessary—like having a strong network of social support—are critical to resilience. “Very few highly resilient individuals are strong in and by themselves,” Southwick says. “You need support.” In an interesting experiment, scientists have learned that working the body’s muscles makes people’s minds more resilient as well. That’s because exercise also spurs the development of new neurons, which are quite literally damaged by stress, Southwick says. Over time, regular exercise can tamp down a person’s stress response.
1. It can be known from the passage that resilience is ____.
2. It seems to be suggested by the author that ____.
3. Paragraph 3 introduces that scientists can monitor people’s resilience by ____.
4. Which of the following is not mentioned as a way to build up resilience?
5. The phrase “tamp down” in the last paragraph most probably means ____.
问题1选项
A.a born capability that supports people through hard times
B.a capability that can be nurtured after practice
C.a set of surviving skills that help people in extreme environment
D.a mental mechanism that helps people to cope with destructive trauma
问题2选项
A.stress, major or minor, has a damaging effect on people’s health
B.people exposed to smaller stressors are more likely to break down physically
C.stress is the direct cause for nearly all kinds of modern disease
D.it is hard for people suffering from traumatic experience to build up resilience
问题3选项
A.observing people’s behavior under stress
B.shutting off the stress mechanism in the brain
C.measuring brain activity with the aid of medical instruments
D.regulating subcortical fear circuit under the condition of stress
问题4选项
A.Finding support from family or friends.
B.Confronting and conquering fear.
C.Doing exercise on regular basis.
D.To develop independent personality.
问题5选项
A.collapse
B.forge
C.flex
D.stretch
第1题:B
第2题:A
第3题:C
第4题:D
第5题:A
第1题:
【选项释义】
It can be known from the passage that resilience is ____. 从文章中我们可以知道,复原力是____。
A. a born capability that supports people through hard times A. 一种支持人们度过困难时期的天生能力
B. a capability that can be nurtured after practice B. 可以在实践后培养的能力
C. a set of surviving skills that help people in extreme environment C. 一套帮助人们在极端环境下生存的技能
D. a mental mechanism that helps people to cope with destructive trauma D. 帮助人们应对破坏性创伤的心理机制
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据选项关键词“be nurtured after practice”定位到第二段第一句“耶鲁大学医学院教授索斯威克说,许多新证据表明,只要稍加练习,任何人都能培养出坚忍不拔的精神(with a little practice, anyone can develop resilience)。”由此可知,复原力是可以在实践后培养的能力,B选项符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
A选项根据第二段第一句“只要稍加练习,任何人都能培养出坚忍不拔的精神”可知,复原力不是天生的能力,属于曲解原文;
C选项定位到第一段第二句“复原力本质上是一套技能,而不是一种性格或人格类型,它使人们不仅能够渡过难关,而且能够在困难时期和困难之后茁壮成长(not only to get through hard times but to thrive during and after them)。”而该选项中“extreme environment”是指自然或人造的条件非常恶劣的环境,如极高或极低的温度,而原文“hard times”是指生活、经济或其他方面的困难时期,属于偷换概念;
D选项中“destructive trauma”与原文不相符,文章说的是“stress”,属于曲解原文。
第2题:
【选项释义】
It seems to be suggested by the author that ____. 作者似乎认为____。
A. stress, major or minor, has a damaging effect on people’s health A. 压力,无论大小,都会对人们的健康产生有害影响
B. people exposed to smaller stressors are more likely to break down physically B. 暴露在较小压力源下的人更有可能在身体上崩溃
C. stress is the direct cause for nearly all kinds of modern disease C. 压力是几乎所有现代疾病的直接原因
D. it is hard for people suffering from traumatic experience to build up resilience D. 遭受创伤经历的人很难建立复原力
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据选项关键词“a damaging effect”定位到第二段第四、五句“在我们的一生中,绝大多数人都会面临一次或多次重大的创伤性压力(one or more major traumatic stressors)。但无数较小的压力(smaller stresses)也会造成伤害(take a toll)。”句中“take a toll”表示“产生负面影响”,与“has a damaging effect”属于同义替换,故A选项符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
B、D选项文中均未提及,属于无中生有;
C选项定位到第二段最后一句“研究表明,抗压能力可以帮助我们解决这些问题,而且现在还为时不晚,因为我们几乎所有的现代疾病,包括心脏病,甚至可能包括阿尔茨海默病等脑部疾病,都有压力这个共同的风险因素。”据此并不能推断出“压力是几乎所有现代疾病的直接原因”,属于过度推理。
第3题:
【选项释义】
Paragraph 3 introduces that scientists can monitor people’s resilience by ____. 第三段介绍了科学家可以通过____监测人们的复原力。
A. observing people’s behavior under stress A. 观察人们在压力下的行为
B. shutting off the stress mechanism in the brain B. 关闭大脑中的压力机制
C. measuring brain activity with the aid of medical instruments C. 借助医疗仪器测量大脑活动
D. regulating subcortical fear circuit under the condition of stress D. 应激状态下皮层下恐惧回路的调节
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据选项关键词“medical instruments”定位到第三段第二、三句“现在,像功能性磁共振成像这样的技术(techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging)使科学家们能够超越自己对人的观察,深入到大脑中控制情绪的部分。通过观察血液流动的模式,他们可以测量大脑活动,并看到,例如,压力在不同人身上的表现。”由此可知,科学家可以借助医疗仪器测量大脑活动,从而监测人们的复原力,C选项符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、D选项均不是科学家监测人们的复原力的方式,这三个选项均是有复原力的表现,属于答非所问。
第4题:
【选项释义】
Which of the following is not mentioned as a way to build up resilience? 以下哪一项没有被提到是一种建立复原力的方法?
A. Finding support from family or friends. A. 从家人或朋友那里寻求支持。
B. Confronting and conquering fear. B. 直面并战胜恐惧。
C. Doing exercise on regular basis. C. 定期锻炼。
D. To develop independent personality. D. 培养独立人格。
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据选项关键词“Confronting and conquering fear”定位到最后一段第一句“到目前为止,研究人员已经发现,面对令你恐惧的事物(facing the things that scare you)可以放松恐惧回路,这也是建立复原力的第一步。”由此可知,直面并战胜恐惧是建立复原力的方法之一;接着,本段第二句提到“研究表明,科学家曾认为美好但不必要的特质,比如拥有强大的社会支持网络(having a strong network of social support),对于复原力至关重要。”所以,从家人或朋友那里寻求支持也是建立复原力的方法之一;倒数第三句提到“在一个有趣的实验中,科学家们了解到,锻炼身体的肌肉也会让人的头脑更有韧性。”所以,定期锻炼也是建立复原力的方法之一。综上可知,四个选项中,只有“培养独立人格”没有提及,故D选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
根据以上分析可知,A、B、C选项均是建立复原力的方法,属于反向干扰。
第5题:
【选项释义】
The phrase “tamp down” in the last paragraph most probably means ____. 最后一段中的短语“tamp down”最可能的意思是____。
A. collapse A. 塌下,突然失败
B. forge B. 伪造
C. flex C. 屈伸
D. stretch D. 伸展,舒展
【考查点】语义推断题
【解题思路】文章最后一段提到,长期的锻炼可以刺激新的神经元的产生。这些新的神经元能够帮助人们更好地应对压力和挑战。此外,压力和挑战本身就是导致大脑中的神经元受损的原因。因此,锻炼可以帮助修复这些受损的神经元,减少大脑中的压力反应。所以,“tamp down”在这里的意思是减缓或降低压力反应,故A选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
B、C、D选项均不符合最后一段的意思,属于曲解原文。