Open data sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labors online.
Some communities have agreed to share online—geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository(库), and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objects—but these remain the exception not the rule. Historically scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data: and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.
But the barriers are disappearing, in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Royal Society in London said in its report that scientists need to “shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as a private preserve”. Funding agencies note that data paid for with public money should be public information, and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products online and enable other researchers to discover and cite them.
Although calls to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, the practice is not purely altruistic (利他的). Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. The most successful sharers—those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often—get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been downloaded 5700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne thinks that users probably range from climate-change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. “I’d much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions,” she says. “It’s important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible.” Even people whose data are less popular can benefit. By making the effort to organize and label files so others can understand them scientists become more organized and better disciplined themselves thus avoiding confusion later on.
1. How do most researchers feel towards making their own data public?
2. Which of the following is a generally-accepted idea among researchers?
3. What might be the obstacle for open data sharing according to this passage?
4. What does the example of Dryad show?
5. What contributes to the removal of the barriers to open data sharing?
问题1选项
A.Liberal.
B.Ambiguous.
C.Opposed.
D.Neutral.
问题2选项
A.Repositories are essential to scientific research.
B.It is imperative to protect scientists’ patents.
C.Open data sharing could facilitate scientific advancement.
D.The field of medical science requires open data sharing.
问题3选项
A.The lack of a research culture.
B.The belief that research data is private intellectual property.
C.The fear of massive copying.
D.The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out of it.
问题4选项
A.Open data sharing is becoming increasingly popular.
B.Open data sharing benefits sharers and users alike.
C.Open data sharing makes researchers successful.
D.Open data sharing saves both money and labor.
问题5选项
A.The advancement of digital technology.
B.The ever-growing demand for big data.
C.The changing attitude of journals and funders.
D.The trend of social and economic development.
第1题:C
第2题:C
第3题:B
第4题:B
第5题:C
第1题:
【选项释义】
How do most researchers feel towards making their own data public? 大多数研究人员对公开自己的数据有什么看法?
A. Liberal. A. 开明的。
B. Ambiguous. B. 模棱两可的。
C. Opposed. C. 反对的。
D. Neutral. D. 中立的。
【考查点】观点态度题
【解题思路】第一段讲“开放数据共享者在许多领域仍然是少数。尽管许多研究人员普遍认为，公开获取原始数据将加速科学研究，但大多数人都不愿意将自己的研究结果发布在网上（most are reluctant to post the results of their own labors online.）。”由此可知，大多数研究人员对公开自己的数据是持反对态度的，C选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、D选项均不符合文章内容，属于曲解原文。
第2题:
【选项释义】
Which of the following is a generally-accepted idea among researchers? 以下哪项是研究人员普遍接受的观点？
A. Repositories are essential to scientific research. A. 资料库对科学研究至关重要。
B. It is imperative to protect scientists’ patents. B. 必须保护科学家的专利。
C. Open data sharing could facilitate scientific advancement. C. 开放数据共享可以促进科学进步。
D. The field of medical science requires open data sharing. D. 医学科学领域需要开放的数据共享。
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据关键词“generally-accepted idea among researchers”定位到第一段第二句“尽管许多研究人员普遍认为，公开获取原始数据将加速科学研究（many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science）……。”句中“broadly agree”与“generally-accepted idea”属于同义替换，由此可知，研究人员普遍接受的观点是“对原始数据的公开访问将加速科学发展”，C选项符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、D选项均不是研究人员普遍接受的观点，属于答非所问。
第3题:
【选项释义】
What might be the obstacle for open data sharing according to this passage? 根据这篇文章，开放数据共享的障碍可能是什么？
A. The lack of a research culture. A. 缺乏研究文化。
B. The belief that research data is private intellectual property. B. 认为研究数据是私人知识产权。
C. The fear of massive copying. C. 害怕大量复制。
D. The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out of it. D. 担心某些机构可能从中获利。
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据选项关键词“private intellectual property”定位到第三段“但这些障碍正在消失，部分原因是世界各地的期刊和资助机构都在鼓励科学家公开他们的数据。去年，位于伦敦的英国皇家学会在其报告中表示，科学家需要‘摆脱一种将数据视为私人保护的研究文化’（shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as a private preserve）。资助机构指出，用公共资金支付的数据应该是公共信息，科学界正在认识到，数据现在可以以一种以前不可能的方式进行数字化共享。”由此可知，B选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
文章第二段提到了科学家们反对分享的原因，即“共享数据是一项艰巨的工作；直到最近，良好的数据库还不存在；赠款资助者并不推动数据共享；很难就数据格式的标准达成一致；也没有商定的方法来分配数据的功劳。”而A、C、D选项文章均未提及，属于无中生有。
第4题:
【选项释义】
What does the example of Dryad show? Dryad的例子说明了什么？
A. Open data sharing is becoming increasingly popular. A. 开放数据共享正变得越来越流行。
B. Open data sharing benefits sharers and users alike. B. 开放数据共享对共享者和用户都有好处。
C. Open data sharing makes researchers successful. C. 开放数据共享使研究人员获得成功。
D. Open data sharing saves both money and labor. D. 开放数据共享既省钱又省力。
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】根据“Dryad”定位到最后一段第四句“例如，在多学科储存库Dryad上最受欢迎的数据集之一是关于世界各地的木材密度；它已经被下载了5700次。合著者Amy Zanne认为，使用者可能包括想要估算、生物量中碳储量的气候变化研究人员，以及寻找不同等级木材信息的林农。”而上文提到“分享信息的研究人员可以获得很多个人利益，包括与同事建立更多的联系，提高知名度，增加被引用的次数。最成功的分享者——那些数据被下载和引用最多的人——会被注意到，他们的工作也会被使用。”由此可推断，作者列举Dryad的例子是为了说明“开放数据共享对共享者和用户都有好处”，B选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A、C、D选项均与“Dryad的例子”无关，属于答非所问。
第5题:
【选项释义】
What contributes to the removal of the barriers to open data sharing? 什么有助于消除开放数据共享的障碍？
A. The advancement of digital technology. A. 数字技术的进步。
B. The ever-growing demand for big data. B. 对大数据日益增长的需求。
C. The changing attitude of journals and funders. C. 期刊和资助者态度的转变。
D. The trend of social and economic development. D. 社会和经济发展的趋势。
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据选项关键词“journals and funders”定位到第三段第一句“但这些障碍正在消失，部分原因是世界各地的期刊和资助机构都在鼓励科学家公开他们的数据（journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public）。”由此可知，期刊和资助机构的鼓励有助于消除开放数据共享的障碍，C选项符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
A、B、D选项文章均未提及，属于无中生有。
