These heat action plans, or HAPs, have been proliferating in India in the past few years. In general, an HAP spells out when and how officials should issue heat warnings and alert hospitals and other institutions. Nagpur’s plan, for instance, calls for hospitals to set aside “cold wards” in the summer for treating heatstroke patients, and advises builders to give construction laborers a break from work on very hot days.
But implementation of existing HAPs has been uneven, according to a March report from the Centre for Policy Research (CPR), a prominent Indian think tank. It reviewed 37 plans adopted by cities, states, or administrative districts.
Many lack adequate funding, it found. And their triggering thresholds often are not customized to the local climate, says Dileep Mavalankar, director of the Indian Institute of Public Health, who has been closely involved in Ahmedabad’s HAP. In some areas, high daytime temperatures alone might serve as an adequate trigger for alerts. Ahmedabad, for example, set its threshold for initial alerts at 41°C based on data showing that heat-related deaths began to climb at that point. But in other places, nighttime temperatures or humidity might be as important a gauge of risk as daytime highs.
Mumbai’s April heat stroke deaths highlighted the need for more nuanced and localized warnings, researchers say. That day’s high temperature of roughly 36°C was 1°C shy of the heat wave alert threshold for coastal cities set by national meteorological authorities. But the effects of the heat were amplified by humidity—an often neglected factor in heat alert systems—and the lack of shade at the late-morning outdoor ceremony. Ironically, the state of Maharashtra, which includes Mumbai, had adopted its own HAP just 2 months before the tragedy. It advised shifting outdoor events to early mornings on hot days.
To help improve HAPs, Kotharkar’s team is working on a model plan that outlines best practices and could be adapted to local conditions. Among other things, she says, all cities should create a vulnerability map to help focus responses on the populations most at risk. (The CPR study found that only two of the 37 HAPs it examined identified the most vulnerable populations.)
Such mapping doesn’t need to be complex, Kotharkar says. “A useful map can be created by looking at even a few key parameters.” For example, neighborhoods with a large elderly population or informal dwellings that cope poorly with heat could get special warnings or be bolstered with cooling centers. The Nagpur project has already created a risk and vulnerability map, which enabled Kotharkar to tell officials which neighborhoods to focus on in the event of a heat wave this summer.
HAPs shouldn’t just include short-term emergency responses, researchers say, but also recommend medium- to long-term measures that could make communities cooler. In Nagpur, for example, Kotharkar’s team has been able to advise city officials about where to plant trees to provide shade. HAPs could also guide efforts to retrofit homes or tweak building regulations. “Reducing deaths [in an emergency] is good target to have, but it’s the lowest [target],” Singh says.
31.According to Paragraph 1,Nagpur's plan proposes measures to _____.
32. One problem with existing HAPs is that they _____.
33. Mumbai's case shows that India's heat alert systems need to _____.
34.Kotharkar holds that a vulnerability map can help _____.
35.According to the last paragraph, researchers believe that HAPs should _____.
问题1选项
A.tackle extreme weather
B.ensure construction quality
C.monitor emergency warnings
D.address excessive workloads
问题2选项
A.prove too costly to be implemented
B.lack localized alert-issuing criteria
C.give delayed responses to heat waves
D.keep hospitals under great pressure
问题3选项
A.include other factors besides temperature
B.take subtle weather changes into account
C.prioritize potentially disastrous heat waves
D.draw further support from local authorities
问题4选项
A.prevent the harm of high humidity
B.target areas needing special attention
C.expand the Nagpur project's coverage
D.make relief plans for heat-stricken people
问题5选项
A.focus more on heatstroke treatment
B.apply for more government grants
C.invite wider public participation
D.serve a broader range of purposes
第1题:A
第2题:B
第3题:A
第4题:B
第5题:D
第1题:
【选项释义】
According to Paragraph 1, Nagpur’s plan proposes measures to ________. 根据第一段，那格浦尔计划提出的措施是为了________。
A. tackle extreme weather A. 应对极端天气
B. ensure construction quality B. 确保建筑质量
C. monitor emergency warnings C. 监控紧急警报
D. address excessive workloads D. 解决工作量过大的问题
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词Nagpur’s plan可以定位到文章第一段最后一句Nagpur’s plan, for instance, calls for hospitals to set aside “cold wards” in the summer for treating heatstroke patients, and advises builders to give construction laborers a break from work on very hot days.（例如，那格浦尔的计划要求医院在夏季留出“冷却病房”来治疗中暑患者，并建议建筑商在非常炎热的日子里让建筑工人休息一下。），说明那格浦尔计划提出了应对极端天气的措施，如设立冷却病房和为工人提供休息。因此A选项“应对极端天气”正确。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“确保建筑质量”和D选项“解决工作量过大的问题”在文中没有提及，属于无中生有；
C选项“监控紧急警报”，虽然文章提到了预警系统，但重点在于如何帮助应对热浪，而不是单纯讨论监控预警，属于出处错位。
第2题:
【选项释义】
One problem with existing HAPs is that they ________. 现有高温行动计划的一个问题是它们________。
A. prove too costly to be implemented A. 实施成本太高
B. lack localized alert-issuing criteria B. 缺乏本地化的警报发布标准
C. give delayed responses to heat waves C. 对热浪的反应迟缓
D. keep hospitals under great pressure D. 使医院承受巨大压力
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词problem with existing HAPs可以定位到文章第二段第三、四句And their triggering thresholds often are not customized to the local climate. In some areas, high daytime temperatures alone might serve as an adequate trigger for alerts.（而且它们的触发阈值往往不是根据当地气候定制的。在一些地区，仅白天的高温就足以触发警报。），说明现有的高温行动计划存在缺乏本地化警报发布标准的问题，触发阈值没有根据当地气候调整。因此B选项“缺乏本地化的警报发布标准”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“实施成本太高”，C选项“对热浪的反应迟缓”和D选项“使医院承受巨大压力”在文中均没有提及，属于无中生有。
第3题:
【选项释义】
Mumbai’s case shows that India’s heat alert systems need to ________. 孟买的案例表明，印度的高温预警系统需要________。
A. include other factors besides temperature A. 包括温度以外的其他因素
B. take subtle weather changes into account B. 考虑到微妙的天气变化
C. prioritize potentially disastrous heat waves C. 优先考虑潜在的灾难性热浪
D. draw further support from local authorities D. 吸引地方当局的进一步支持
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词Mumbai’s case可以定位到文章第三段第一句Mumbai’s April heat stroke deaths highlighted the need for more nuanced and localized warnings, researchers say.（研究人员说，孟买4月份的中暑死亡突显出需要更细致和局部的预警。）和第三句But the effects of the heat were amplified by humidity—an often neglected factor in heat alert systems—and the lack of shade at the late-morning outdoor ceremony.（但是高温的影响被湿度放大了——在高温警报系统中，湿度是一个经常被忽视的因素——而且在上午晚些时候的户外活动缺乏遮阳。），说明孟买的案例强调了高温警报系统应当考虑湿度这一通常被忽视的因素，而不仅仅是温度。因此A选项“包括温度以外的其他因素”正确。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“考虑到微妙的天气变化”，C选项“优先考虑潜在的灾难性热浪”和D选项“吸引地方当局的进一步支持”在文中均没有提及，属于无中生有。
第4题:
【选项释义】
Kotharkar holds that a vulnerability map can help ________. 科塔卡尔认为，脆弱性地图可以帮助________。
A. prevent the harm of high humidity A. 防止高湿度带来的危害
B. target areas needing special attention B. 锁定需要特别关注的地区
C. expand the Nagpur projects coverage C. 扩大那格浦尔项目的覆盖范围
D. make relief plans for heat-stricken people D. 为受高温影响的人们制定救援计划
【考查点】事实细节题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词vulnerability map可以定位到文章第四段最后一句all cities should create a vulnerability map to help focus responses on the populations most at risk（所有城市都应该创建一个脆弱性地图，以帮助将应对措施集中在风险最大的人群上）和第五段第三句For example, neighborhoods with a large elderly population or informal dwellings that cope poorly with heat could get special warnings or be bolstered with cooling centers.（例如，老年人口较多的社区或供暖能力较差的非正式住宅可能会得到特别警告，或者配备冷却中心。），说明脆弱性地图的作用是帮助识别需要特殊关注的区域，从而采取相应措施。因此B选项“锁定需要特别关注的地区”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“防止高湿度带来的危害”，文中提到湿度对热浪影响的重要性，但与脆弱性地图无直接关联，属于出处错位；
C选项“扩大那格浦尔项目的覆盖范围”在文中没有提及，属于无中生有；
D选项“为受高温影响的人们制定救援计划”，文章指出脆弱性地图的目的是标记高风险区域，而非直接制定救援计划，属于过度推断。
第5题:
【选项释义】
According to the last paragraph, researchers suggest that HAPs should ________. 根据最后一段，研究人员建议高温津贴应该________。
A. focus more on heatstroke treatment A. 更多地关注中暑治疗
B. invite wider public participation B. 邀请更多公众参与
C. apply for more government grants C. 申请更多的政府拨款
D. serve a broader range of purposes D. 服务于更广泛的目的
【考查点】推理判断题。
【解题思路】根据题干关键词researchers suggest可以定位到文章第六段段第一句HAPs shouldn’t just include short-term emergency responses, researchers say, but also recommend medium- to long-term measures that could make communities cooler.（研究人员说，高温行动计划不应该只包括短期应急响应，还应该建议中长期措施，让社区变得更凉爽。），说明研究人员建议高温行动计划不仅要有短期目标，还要制定中长期措施，使它们具备更广泛的功能和目标。因此D选项“服务于更广泛的目的”正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“更多地关注中暑治疗”是短期紧急响应的一部分，不是研究人员重点建议的内容，属于以偏概全；
B选项“邀请更多公众参与”和C选项“申请更多的政府拨款”在文中没有提及，属于无中生有。
