Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression of “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.” That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offense, society must get even. This can be done only by inflicting an equal injury upon him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal codes and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to administer a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract the denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own life will pay his debt. The exaction of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.
Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accomplishing this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume ad normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.
1. The best title for this passage is ____.
2. Hegel would view the death sentence for murder as ____.
3. The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the ____.
4. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be ____.
5. The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to ____.
问题1选项
A.Fitting Punishment to the Crime
B.Approaches to Just Punishment
C.Improvement in Legal Justice
D.Attaining Justice in the Courts
问题2选项
A.inadequate justice
B.an admission of not being able to cure a disease
C.the best way for society to get revenge
D.a suitable way of punishing the murderer
问题3选项
A.type of crime that was proven
B.severity of the punishment
C.reason for the sentence
D.outcome of the trial
问题4选项
A.forced brain surgery
B.flogging
C.solitary confinement
D.the electric chair
问题5选项
A.prove that equality demands just punishment
B.justify the need for punishment as a part of law
C.give moral backing to retributive justice
D.show that man has long been interested in justice
第1题:B
第2题:D
第3题:C
第4题:D
第5题:C
第1题:
【选项释义】
The best title for this passage is ____. 这篇文章最好的标题是____。
A. Fitting Punishment to the Crime A. 罚当其罪
B. Approaches to Just Punishment B. 公正惩罚的方法
C. Improvement in Legal Justice C. 加强司法公正
D. Attaining Justice in the Courts D. 实现法院公正
【考查点】主旨大意题
【解题思路】文章讨论了两种不同的司法惩罚方法，分别是“报应性司法（retributive justice）”和“恢复性司法（corrective justice）”。文章首先介绍了报应性司法的概念，即惩罚应与犯罪相等，然后转向现代法学家试图用恢复性司法取代报应性司法的做法，强调的是恢复和治疗罪犯，使其能够重新成为社会的正常成员。因此，标题应该反映这两种处理司法惩罚的不同方法，B选项“Approaches to Just Punishment”最符合这一要求。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“罚当其罪”只涵盖了报应性司法的一部分，而没有涉及到恢复性司法的概念，因此不够全面，属于以偏概全；
C选项“加强司法公正”虽然暗示了法律司法的改进，但没有明确指出是通过什么方式或方法来改进的，属于曲解原文；
D选项“实现法院公正”过于宽泛，文章并没有专门讨论在法庭上如何实现司法，而是讨论了惩罚的方法和理念，属于曲解原文。
第2题:
【选项释义】
Hegel would view the death sentence for murder as ____. 黑格尔认为对谋杀罪判处死刑是____。
A. inadequate justice A. 司法不公
B. an admission of not being able to cure a disease B. 承认无法治愈疾病
C. the best way for society to get revenge C. 社会复仇的最佳方式
D. a suitable way of punishing the murderer D. 惩罚凶手的适当方式
【考查点】细节事实题
【解题思路】根据“Hegel”定位到文章第一段“This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to administer a punishment equal to the crime he had committed.”，这表明黑格尔认为社会有责任对罪犯施以与罪行相等的惩罚。对于谋杀犯来说，他认为没有什么比放弃自己的生命更能偿还债务了，因此，死刑是对谋杀犯合适的惩罚方式，D选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“司法不公”与黑格尔的观点相矛盾，他认为惩罚应该与罪行相等，因此不会认为死刑是不充分的司法，属于反向干扰；
B选项“承认无法治愈疾病”与黑格尔的观点不相关，黑格尔的讨论是关于惩罚与罪行的对等性，而不是关于治疗疾病的能力，属于答非所问；
C选项“社会复仇的最佳方式”虽然文章提到了报应性司法的概念，但并没有说这是社会复仇的最佳方式，而是强调了惩罚应与罪行相等的原则，属于无中生有。
第3题:
【选项释义】
The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the ____. 这篇文章暗示了报应性司法和恢复性司法的基本区别在于____。
A. type of crime that was proven A. 被证实的犯罪类型
B. severity of the punishment B. 惩罚的严厉程度
C. reason for the sentence C. 判刑的原因
D. outcome of the trial D. 审判结果
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】文章提到，报应性司法的基本理念是惩罚应该与罪行相等，即“以眼还眼，以牙还牙（an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.）”，其目的是使罪犯为其行为付出相等的代价（society owed it to the criminal to administer a punishment equal to the crime he had committed.）。而恢复性司法的目标是治疗犯罪者，使其能够成为社会的正常成员（The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society.），其重点在于改正行为，而不是简单的报复（means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him.）。由此可知，这两种司法形式的基本区别在于判刑的原因：报应性司法是为了惩罚和报复，而恢复性司法是为了恢复和治愈，C选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“被证实的犯罪类型”文章并没有指出两种司法观念之间的区别在于犯罪类型的不同，属于无中生有；
B选项“惩罚的严厉程度”虽然文章提到了死刑作为报应性司法的一个例证，但并没有说惩罚的严厉程度是区分这两种司法形式的关键因素，属于无中生有；
D选项“审判结果”文章没有提到审判的结果会影响司法的形式，而是强调了判决的理由和目的，属于无中生有。
第4题:
【选项释义】
The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be ____. 最不符合恢复性司法观点的惩罚是____。
A. forced brain surgery A. 强迫脑部手术
B. flogging B. 鞭笞
C. solitary confinement C. 单独监禁
D. the electric chair D. 电椅
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】恢复性司法（corrective justice）的目标是治疗犯罪者，使其能够成为社会的正常成员，而不是简单的报复。文章中提到，恢复性司法“means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him.”。因此，惩罚应该是为了改正行为，而不是为了造成更多的伤害或痛苦。D选项“电椅”是一种死刑执行方式，它是报应性司法的典型例子，其目的是对犯罪者施以最严重的惩罚，而不是治疗或改正行为。这与恢复性司法的理念完全相反，故D选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“强迫脑部手术”如果是为了治疗犯罪者的某种心理疾病，理论上它可能符合恢复性司法的目标，属于答非所问；
B选项“鞭笞”虽然也是一种身体惩罚，但也可能被看作是一种纠正行为的方式，属于答非所问；
C选项“单独监禁”可能被用作一种隔离措施，以防止罪犯对社会造成进一步的伤害，同时也可能是为了保护罪犯免受外界影响，以便进行心理治疗或其他形式的矫正，属于答非所问。
第5题:
【选项释义】
The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to ____. 提出《圣经》中“以眼还眼，以牙还牙”的说法是为了____。
A. prove that equality demands just punishment A. 证明平等要求公正的惩罚
B. justify the need for punishment as a part of law B. 证明惩罚作为法律一部分的必要性
C. give moral backing to retributive justice C. 为报应性司法提供道德支持
D. show that man has long been interested in justice D. 表明人类长期以来一直对司法感兴趣
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】文章的第一段提到了“an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth”这个表达，并解释了它的含义：“That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offense, society must get even. This can be done only by inflicting an equal injury upon him.（也就是说，做错事的人犯了罪，社会必须予以报复。只有对他造成同样的伤害，才能做到这一点。）”，这句话表明，这个表达是为了支持报应性司法的观点，即社会必须通过对罪犯施加同等伤害来达到平衡，故C选项正确。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“证明平等要求公正的惩罚”文章提到了平等和公正的关系，但并未直接用圣经表达来证明平等需要公正的惩罚，属于无中生有；
B选项“证明惩罚作为法律一部分的必要性”文章中提到的表达是为了支持特定类型的惩罚——即报应性司法，而不仅仅是法律中惩罚的必要性，属于曲解原文；
D选项“表明人类长期以来一直对司法感兴趣”文章中引用这个表达是为了支持报应性司法的概念，而不是泛泛地讨论对司法的兴趣，属于曲解原文。
